Forum: geographic spread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Introduction

Werneck, Guilherme Loureiro

doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2008001200023

Cited by 92 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Variations in the transmission dynamics might possibly be explained by distinct local susceptibility profiles of human and dog, the possibility of different vertebrates serving as Leishmania reservoir and distinct demographic socio-environmental conditions of the community (Werneck 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Felipe

Aquino

Kuppinger

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered an important neglected disease that affects many countries of the world (Desjeux 2004). On the American continent, VL is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania chagasi, which is transmitted to humans and other vertebrate hosts (e.g., dogs) through the bite of a female sandfly. Lutzomyia longipalpis is considered to be the main vector for VL in Brazil (Lainson & Rangel 2005).A high proportion of L. chagasi infected persons do not present any clinical symptoms of disease, even after a long incubation period (asymptomatic form) (Evans et al. 1992, Romero et al. 2009). Cohort studies in Brazil have described detection of asymptomatic seroconvertors with a sensitive and specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test using crude antigens from promastigotes (Badaró et al. 1986a, c) Malnutrition is considered one of the most important factors associated with the development of clinical symptoms of leishmaniasis (Alvar et al. 2006). The high frequency of Leishmania infection found in human beings, dogs and Lu. longipalpis in previous studies in the municipality of Raposa, state of Maranhão (MA), Brazil, may also be associated with poverty (Caldas et al. 2001(Caldas et al. , 2002.Notably, the current knowledge on the epidemiology of VL is mainly based on studies examining the prevalence of Leishmania infections only among humans. There are few studies that simultaneously examine L. chagasi infection across several known hosts and carriers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the asymptomatic L. chagasi infection rates in human beings, dogs and the vector Lu. longipalpis in the VL endemic area of Raposa. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was performed from August 2006-July 2008 in Vila Maresia, Vila Marisol and Vila Pantoja; all three neighbourhoods are located in the municipality of Raposa situated in the northern coastal region of MA, approximately 28 km from the state capital, São Luis (Figure).In this study, the inclusion criteria for human subjects were the following: living in an endemic area for more than six months, no signs and symptoms of VL (fever for more than 2 weeks, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss or mucocutaneous pallor) and no previous history of VL. As exclusion criteria, we considered a history of treatment for VL (including treatment failures and relapses), individuals with known immunodeficiency or currently using immunosuppressants and comorbidities (evidence of other conditions leading to splenomegaly, such as schistosomiasis and malaria).In a preliminary census survey, we found 1,417 inhabitants, 986 (70%) of whom participated in the study. This 30% loss was mainly due to internal and external migrations, as well as refusal to participate in the study. Overall, 986 (69.6%) out of 1,417 inhabitants that lived more than six months in the area and did not exhibit clinical VL symptoms participated in the study. From these, 857 individuals (86.9%) were from Vila Maresia, 77 individuals (7.7%) were from Vila Marisol and 52...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Felipe

Aquino

Kuppinger

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Previously known as a disease with rural characteristics, VL has become endemic and epidemic in large Brazilian cities since the 1980s 6 . Disordered urban land occupation associated with migration, unplanned urban settlements, and precarious sanitation lead to substandard living conditions and environmental destruction, fostering the conditions for sand fly reproduction 7,8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatores ambientais associados à ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral canina em uma área de recente introdução da doença no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

et al. 2018

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Resumo: Foi avaliada a associação entre características ambientais obtidas por sensoriamento remoto e a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) no bairro do Jacaré, área de recente introdução da doença, no Município de Niterói, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo seccional para avaliação da prevalência de LVC, definida por meio da positividade no teste imunocromatográfico rápido em dupla plataforma (dual path platform - DPP), confirmada com o ensaio imunoenzimático (EIE). Foram incluídos 97 cães com prevalência de LVC de 21,6%. Houve maior frequência de LVC em cães com a convivência com outro cão, gambá, mico e ouriço-terrestre, assim como com a história de remoção de outros cães com LVC do domicílio. Na análise multivariada, ajustada por sexo e idade do cão, cães residentes em áreas com maior cobertura de vegetação esparsa apresentaram prevalência da infecção por Leishmania infantum cinco vezes maior do que aqueles que residiam em áreas menos vegetadas (OR = 5,72; IC95%: 1,47-22,20). Por outro lado, áreas mais urbanizadas caracterizadas como comerciais ou residenciais carentes, identificadas pelo sensoriamento remoto como aquelas com alta densidade de estruturas cinza, estiveram associadas à menor ocorrência da LVC (OR = 0,09; IC95%: 0,01-0,92). A maior prevalência de infecção em cães convivendo com outros animais silvestres e em áreas com maior cobertura vegetal, associada com menor prevalência em áreas urbanizadas, indica um padrão rural de transmissão da LVC nessa área.

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“…Despite having presented a typical rural and wild pattern of VL until the 80's (WERNECK, 2008), current data show that the numbers have increased considerably, thus creating a new epidemiological profile, due to the spread of the disease to urban centers of the North, South and West regions of the country (JERONIMO et al, 2004;ROMERO & BOELAERT, 2010;HARHAY et al, 2011). In Brazil, domestic dogs are the main reservoir, and thus play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease, while foxes and other wild animals play a role in sylvatic transmission (DEANE, 1956;QUINNELL et al, 1997;ROMERO & BOELAERT, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EVIDENCE OF Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum INFECTION IN DOGS FROM JUIZ DE FORA, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL, BASED ON IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC DUAL-PATH PLATFORM (DPP®) AND PCR ASSAYS

Castro-Júnior

Freire

Campos

et al. 2014

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYIn Brazil, domestic dogs are branded as the primary reservoir for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, due to the clear positive correlation observed between human and canine infection rates. This study aimed to carry out a serological survey of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in dogs housed at a public kennel in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using the immunochromatographic TR DPP ® CVL rapid test. Additionally, conventional and/or real time PCR assay was used to detect and confirm L. infantum infection in the DPP positive dogs only. Of the 400 dogs studied, most did not present clinical signs for CVL (p < 0.05), and fifteen (3.8%) were seropositive in the DPP test. There was no statistically significant difference between the DPP seropositive dogs and the clinical signs of the disease (p > 0.05). Both conventional and real time PCR tests confirmed L. infantum infection in nine (75.0%) of the twelve DPP seropositive dogs that remained alive during the follow-up period. This study is the first seroepidemiologic survey of CVL held in the city of Juiz de Fora, and the results reinforce the idea that this disease is currently in a process of expansion and urbanization in Brazil. Furthermore, this study highlights the use of the DPP test as an alternative for diagnosing CVL in large and mid-sized cities, due to its ease of implementation. KEYWORDS:Canine visceral leishmaniasis; Serological diagnosis; Immunochromatographic diagnosis; DPP; PCR diagnosis. INTRODUCTIONVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially fatal protozoan vectorborne disease caused by the Leishmania donovani complex, and represents a serious risk to public health. This disease is endemic in 88 countries with approximately 0.2 to 0.4 million cases each year in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia (ALVAR et al., 2012). Anthroponotic transmission caused by L. donovani is present in the Indian subcontinent and in Central Africa, and zoonotic transmission caused by L. infantum is present in the Americas, Mediterranean basin, Middle East and Central Asia, and parts of Africa (HARHAY et al., 2011, PALATNIK-DE-SOUSA & DAY, 2011.Among the countries of the Americas, Brazil accounts for the highest number of human VL cases and is the third largest VL focus globally (ALVAR et al., 2012;BELO et al., 2013). Despite having presented a typical rural and wild pattern of VL until the 80's (WERNECK, 2008), current data show that the numbers have increased considerably, thus creating a new epidemiological profile, due to the spread of the disease to urban centers of the North, South and West regions of the country (JERONIMO et al., 2004;ROMERO & BOELAERT, 2010;HARHAY et al., 2011). In Brazil, domestic dogs are the main reservoir, and thus play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease, while foxes and other wild animals play a role in sylvatic transmission (DEANE, 1956;QUINNELL et al., 1997;ROMERO & BOELAERT, 2010). There is a clear positive correlation between human and canine infection rates, so that diagnosing dog...

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Forum: geographic spread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Introduction

Cited by 92 publications

References 13 publications

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Fatores ambientais associados à ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral canina em uma área de recente introdução da doença no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

EVIDENCE OF Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum INFECTION IN DOGS FROM JUIZ DE FORA, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL, BASED ON IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC DUAL-PATH PLATFORM (DPP®) AND PCR ASSAYS

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