Estimativa de emissividade da superfície continental a partir de dados de satélite

Shipwrecks, Legal Landscapes and Mediterranean Paradigms

“…How does space matter in Roman law and its associated identities? From the legal point of view, the maritime cultural landscape of the Roman world could be described as a division between the land-which could be governed by the law of the Romans (civil law or ius civile)15-and the sea-which was guided by the laws of the peoples (ius gentium) 16 and by ius naturale-that which concerns the natural order of things.17 As in most ancient empires, the basic tenet of law was based on the personality principle, not the area principle as is common in modern states.18 Thus, being Roman was a matter of lineage or the acquisition of citizenship by an official declaration, but not residence. During the Republic and early Empire, most of the inhabitants of Rome and the Roman Empire were not citizens, but rather were subject to different categorisations that also influenced the law that was applicable to them.…”

“…https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 had personified the capriciousness of gods and the inevitability of fate.14 Thus, undertaking a sea voyage meant entrusting one's fortune to the gods and to fate.15 If the focus was placed on the survivors, then shipwrecks often presented the possibility of a change in their legal and social status. 16 To the ancient mind, the sea was often seen as a sacred domain not to be violated by mortals, and drowning meant that one's spirit remained in a place from which there was no return.17 Death by drowning, in itself unpleasant, is rendered doubly dreadful because it robs a man of the due rites of burial and the pious tending of his grave by his surviving relatives.18 Indeed, for the ancients, death at sea meant that one's body would be eaten by fish and other beasts. 19 Propertius writes the lament for Paetus, who was drowned at sea, identifying it as a new kind of death, a death the man need not have risked had he stayed on land.…”

“…The edictum de naufragio includes a civil action,13 addressed cases of rapere (violent theft), recipere (taking back) and damnum dare (causing damage) performed at the same time and in the same place where a catastrophe occurred (incendio, ruina, naufragio).14 In turn, the edict also applied when these behaviours occurred when a ship had been assaulted,15 and during the assault. 16 In addition, the Pauli Sententiae (PS) fragment 5.3.2 belonging to the title addressing turmoil (his quae per turbam fiunt) which includes this actio, also addressses the behaviours of suppresserit (sinking) and celaverit (hiding from). Since the PS were compiled about 300 ce,17 11 e.g.…”

“…Many texts from the jurists mention the construction of piles (made of strong timber or Roman water-hardening concrete, one supposes) in the sea as a foundation, which would enable one to build something that could be deemed private. 16 The logic behind that is that someone is using a space that has been built ex novo, and indeed, Pomponius, in his thirty-fourth book on civil law, established a parallel between these piles and an island that arises from the sea: to have an island emerge from the sea,18 while it was common, thanks to the imperceptible accretion or deposit of soil in a riverbed, to have an island appear in a river. Would this be an exception to the general rule that the sea belongs to everyone?…”

‘Washed by the Waves’: Fighting against Shipwrecking in the Later Roman Empire

“…44 In addition, piracy became a more serious problem during the third-century crisis, forcing the Roman authorities to take extraordinary measures to suppress it. 45 Many provinces that became Roman had long tradition of practicing shipwrecking and piracy, which at some point was even strongly linked to the formation of their communal identity and power. 46 In addition, since the formation of the empire implied a progressive 6 conquest, while some of the provinces that were taken in by the Romans may have tried to eradicate piracy within their boundaries, other neighbouring areas might have just kept on committing raids against these newly Roman provinces.…”