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The German ethnologist Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872-1924) became one of the world’s leading Americanists of his era after having successfully concluded two expeditions to Amazonia. Between 1903 and 1905 he studied indigenous peoples inhabiting the regions of the rivers Rio Negro, Vaupés, and Japurá in northwestern Brazil; between 1911 and 1913 he traveled through northern Brazil and Venezuela investigating local Amerindian communities. He contacted dozens of indigenous peoples, studied their mythology, material culture, and languages. Koch-Grünberg maintained a scientific correspondence with some of the best-informed anthropologists of his time, including Adolf Bastian, Franz Boas, Arnold van Gennep and Paul Rivet. He also exchanged letters with Brazilian colleagues such as João Capistrano de Abreu (1853-1927), Teodoro Sampaio (1855-1937), and Affonso d’Escragnolle Taunay (1876-1958). Through an analysis of primary sources – the correspondence held at the Theodor Koch-Grünberg Archive of the Philipps-Universität Marburg in Germany – this article aims at contributing both to the history of Brazilian social thought and the history of German ethnology by contextualizing these relations within the broader context of social exchanges. Therefore, the history of anthropology should be written in the same way as Koch-Grünberg imagined ethnology: as an international science, based on humanistic principles and grounded on social relations.
The German ethnologist Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872-1924) became one of the world’s leading Americanists of his era after having successfully concluded two expeditions to Amazonia. Between 1903 and 1905 he studied indigenous peoples inhabiting the regions of the rivers Rio Negro, Vaupés, and Japurá in northwestern Brazil; between 1911 and 1913 he traveled through northern Brazil and Venezuela investigating local Amerindian communities. He contacted dozens of indigenous peoples, studied their mythology, material culture, and languages. Koch-Grünberg maintained a scientific correspondence with some of the best-informed anthropologists of his time, including Adolf Bastian, Franz Boas, Arnold van Gennep and Paul Rivet. He also exchanged letters with Brazilian colleagues such as João Capistrano de Abreu (1853-1927), Teodoro Sampaio (1855-1937), and Affonso d’Escragnolle Taunay (1876-1958). Through an analysis of primary sources – the correspondence held at the Theodor Koch-Grünberg Archive of the Philipps-Universität Marburg in Germany – this article aims at contributing both to the history of Brazilian social thought and the history of German ethnology by contextualizing these relations within the broader context of social exchanges. Therefore, the history of anthropology should be written in the same way as Koch-Grünberg imagined ethnology: as an international science, based on humanistic principles and grounded on social relations.
The devastating fire in the 200-year-old Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro on September 2, 2018, demonstrates the vital importance of the historiography of sciences and the arts. As most collections have vanished, it is left to the history of science to pick up the pieces and present past developments in their complexity and global entanglements. In this special issue we aim to do this for the work of German and German-speaking anthropologists in Latin America, with a special focus on Brazil, carried out between the 1880s and 1945.
Enquanto solução para a crise de superprodução açucareira, fator de equilíbrio para a balança comercial, exploração de recursos naturais e de estratégia militar, os combustíveis alternativos ilustraram vários discursos durante o Primeiro Governo Vargas. O presente artigo visa analisar o papel desempenhado pelas políticas de fomento à produção de combustíveis alternativos no Brasil. Nesse sentido, ele centra a sua análise nas ideias, na circulação de tecnologia e nas tensões geradas pelo aumento da utilização desses combustíveis alternativos. Outro aspecto a ponderar será a silvicultura e a agricultura científica que se tornaram locus privilegiado dos discursos em prol do uso racional das florestas e do solo. Assim, propõe-se discutir as ideias de acadêmicos, técnicos, estadistas e agricultores na construção do que se chamou "combustíveis nacionais". Sobre o assunto, as revistas agrícolas, a legislação florestal e açucareira, os trabalhos técnicos do Ministério da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio e do Instituto do Açúcar e do Álcool foram de crucial importância. A abordagem do fortalecimento das políticas de combustíveis alternativos permite que se compreenda a forte ênfase dada à autossuficiência energética em um quadro maior de crise açu-careira, agricultura predatória e devastação do patrimônio florestal. As a solution to the sugar overproduction crisis, a balance factor in the trade balance, the exploitation of environmental resources and military strategy, alternative fuels illustrate many speeches in the first Vargas Government. This article aims to analyze the role played by the promotion of policies to produce alternative fuels in Brazil. In view of that, we focus the analysis on ideas, on the flow of technology, and in the tensions generated by the increased use of these alternative fuels. The forestry and scientific agriculture became privileged locus of speeches in favor of the rational use of forests and soil. As a result, we aims to discuss the academic, technical, statesmen, and farmers ideas in the construction of what is called "national fuels". On the subject, agricultural magazines, forest and sugar laws, the technical work of the "Ministério da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio" (Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce) and, the "Instituto do Açúcar e do Álcool" (Sugar and Alcohol Institute) were of crucial importance. The approach to the strengthening of alternative fuels policy allows to understand the obsessive attitude toward energy self-sufficiency in a larger movement of sugar crisis, predatory agriculture and devastation of the forest heritage.
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