Antarctic sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) of the South Shetland Islands and vicinity: part II. Poecilosclerida

Campos, Maurício; Mothes, Beatriz; Mendes, Inga Ludmila Veitenheimer

doi:10.1590/s0101-81752007000300027

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Sponges are a dominant element of the Antarctic benthic communities, posing both high species richness (more than 300 species) and large population densities [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Among the Antarctic representatives of the phylum Porifera, 81% are Demospongiae, of which almost half belong to the order Poecilosclerida and 17% to the order Haplosclerida [ 2 ], finding a high percentage of endemism among them [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the reproduction of some Antarctic dendroceratid, poecilosclerid, and haplosclerid demosponges

et al. 2018

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Sponges are a dominant element of the Antarctic benthic communities, posing both high species richness and large population densities. Despite their importance in Antarctic ecosystems, very little is known about their reproductive patterns and strategies. In our study, we surveyed the tissue of six different species for reproductive elements, namely, Dendrilla antarctica Topsent, 1905 (order Dendroceratida), Phorbas areolatus (Thiele, 1905), Kirkpatrickia variolosa (Kirkpatrick, 1907), and Isodictya kerguelenensis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (order Poecilosclerida), and Hemigellius pilosus (Kirkpatrick, 1907) and Haliclona penicillata (Topsent, 1908) (Haplosclerida). Samples of these six species containing various reproductive elements were collected in Deception Island and were processed for both light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Even though we were not able to monitor the entire reproductive cycle, due to time and meteorological conditions, we report important aspects of the reproduction of these species. This includes oocyte and embryo morphology and cell ultrastructure, follicular structures and nurse cell activity, as well as vitellogenesis. All species were brooding their embryos within their mesohyl. Both oocytes and embryos were registered in the majority of the studied species, and a single sperm cell being carried to an egg for fertilization was observed in H. penicillata. While the reproductive periods of all species coincided temporally, some of them seemed to rely on a single spawning event, this being suggested by the synchronic oogenesis and embryogenesis occurrence of D. antarctica, P. areolatus and I. kerguelenensis. In contrast, K. variolosa had an asynchronous embryo development, which suggests several larval release events. Our results suggest that differences in the reproductive strategies and morphological traits might succeed in the coexistence of these species at the same habitat avoiding the direct competition between them.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the reproduction of some Antarctic dendroceratid, poecilosclerid, and haplosclerid demosponges

et al. 2018

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“…Sponges are often a dominant component of many Antarctic benthic communities, but in some areas they can be patchy in distribution [4] . These animals can form heterogeneous habitats supporting some of the richest benthic communities in the Antarctic, as has been found in the Weddell Sea [5] , Ross Sea [6] , East Antarctica [7] and the West Antarctic Peninsula [8] , [9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and Distribution Patterns in High Southern Latitude Sponges

et al. 2012

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Sponges play a key role in Antarctic marine benthic community structure and dynamics and are often a dominant component of many Southern Ocean benthic communities. Understanding the drivers of sponge distribution in Antarctica enables us to understand many of general benthic biodiversity patterns in the region. The sponges of the Antarctic and neighbouring oceanographic regions were assessed for species richness and biogeographic patterns using over 8,800 distribution records. Species-rich regions include the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, South Georgia, Eastern Weddell Sea, Kerguelen Plateau, Falkland Islands and north New Zealand. Sampling intensity varied greatly within the study area, with sampling hotspots found at the Antarctic Peninsula, South Georgia, north New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego, with limited sampling in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen seas in the Southern Ocean. In contrast to previous studies we found that eurybathy and circumpolar distributions are important but not dominant characteristics in Antarctic sponges. Overall Antarctic sponge species endemism is ∼43%, with a higher level for the class Hexactinellida (68%). Endemism levels are lower than previous estimates, but still indicate the importance of the Polar Front in isolating the Southern Ocean fauna. Nineteen distinct sponge distribution patterns were found, ranging from regional endemics to cosmopolitan species. A single, distinct Antarctic demosponge fauna is found to encompass all areas within the Polar Front, and the sub-Antarctic regions of the Kerguelen Plateau and Macquarie Island. Biogeographical analyses indicate stronger faunal links between Antarctica and South America, with little evidence of links between Antarctica and South Africa, Southern Australia or New Zealand. We conclude that the biogeographic and species distribution patterns observed are largely driven by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the timing of past continent connectivity.

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“…The taxonomy and systematics of the family Latrunculiidae has been complex and controversial [ 18 , 51 , 52 ], and the arrangements in the family are still being refined [ 19 ]. However, L. biformis is easily recognisable due to the possession of an additional form of anisodiscorhabd with a long apical spine, and it has been described from different sites around Antarctica and the Shetland islands [ 17 , 53 ]. Only a single report on the fatty acid composition of this species is known [ 54 ]; to our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the rich pyrroloiminoquinone content of this species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The green sponge was collected by Daniel Kersken (Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum), with an Agassiz trawl at a depth of 303 m in the Weddel Sea, Antarctica (70.892° S-11.130° W) on December 2015, during the scientific expedition PS96 (RV POLARSTERN). Taxonomic examination of the spicule complement and dimensions revealed two forms of anisodiscorhabd spicules, one of which has a well-developed spined apical projection, and which is diagnostic for the well-known Antarctic and Southern Ocean sponge species [ 53 ], Latrunculia (Latrunculia) biformis Kirkpatrick, 1908 (Class Demospongiae Sollas, Order Poecilosclerida Topsent, Latrunculiidae Topsent) [ 55 ]. A reference specimen has been deposited at Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Germany, under the accessing number SMF 12106.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Isolation of Tsitsikammamines from the Antarctic Deep-Sea Sponge Latrunculia biformis by Molecular Networking and Anticancer Activity

Janussen

Peifer

et al. 2018

Marine Drugs

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The Antarctic deep-sea sponge Latrunculia (Latrunculia) biformis Kirkpatrick, 1908 (Class Demospongiae Sollas, Order Poecilosclerida Topsent, Latrunculiidae Topsent) was selected for chemical analyses due to its potent anticancer activity. Metabolomic analysis of its crude extract by HRMS/MS-based molecular networking showed the presence of several clusters of pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids, i.e., discorhabdin and epinardin-type brominated pyridopyrroloquinolines and tsitsikammamines, the non-brominated bis-pyrroloiminoquinones. Molecular networking approach combined with a bioactivity-guided isolation led to the targeted isolation of the known pyrroloiminoquinone tsitsikammamine A (1) and its new analog 16,17-dehydrotsitsikammamine A (2). The chemical structures of the compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis (one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR, HR-ESIMS). Due to minute amounts, molecular modeling and docking was used to assess potential affinities to potential targets of the isolated compounds, including DNA intercalation, topoisomerase I-II, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzymes. Tsitsikammamines represent a small class of pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids that have only previously been reported from the South African sponge genus Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly and an Australian species of the sponge genus Zyzzya de Laubenfels. This is the first report of tsitsikammamines from the genus Latrunculia du Bocage and the successful application of molecular networking in the identification of comprehensive chemical inventory of L. biformis followed by targeted isolation of new molecules. This study highlights the high productivity of secondary metabolites of Latrunculia sponges and may shed new light on their biosynthetic origin and chemotaxonomy.

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Antarctic sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) of the South Shetland Islands and vicinity: part II. Poecilosclerida

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Insights into the reproduction of some Antarctic dendroceratid, poecilosclerid, and haplosclerid demosponges

Insights into the reproduction of some Antarctic dendroceratid, poecilosclerid, and haplosclerid demosponges

Diversity and Distribution Patterns in High Southern Latitude Sponges

Targeted Isolation of Tsitsikammamines from the Antarctic Deep-Sea Sponge Latrunculia biformis by Molecular Networking and Anticancer Activity

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