A study on the stability of anhydroecgonine methyl ester (crack biomarker), benzoylecgonine, and cocaine in human urine

Carvalho, Virgínia Martins; Chasin, Alice Aparecida da Matta; Carvalho, Dermeval de

doi:10.1590/s0101-60832008000700005

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…As mentioned above, the initial results of chemical profiling program (PeQui) shows that more than 70% of the cocaine seized in Brazil by Federal Police is constituted of free base cocaine (crude or refined), mainly consumed from smoking. Scientific investigations should also discuss the possibility of using specific metabolites, like the anhydroecgonine (ecgonidine), produced during the use of smoked cocaine (crack or pasta-base) [24][25][26][27] to estimate the rate between the free base and the cocaine hydrochloride consumed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating cocaine consumption in the Brazilian Federal District (FD) by sewage analysis

Maldaner

Schmidt

Locatelli³

et al. 2012

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Este é o primeiro trabalho que relata a ocorrência de resíduos de cocaína (COC) e benzoilecgonina (BE) em amostras coletadas em seis estações de esgoto diferentes (ETE) instaladas no Distrito Federal (DF) do Brasil. As concentrações de BE nos afluentes de esgoto foram utilizadas para calcular o consumo de cocaína (kg ano -1 por 1000 habitantes) em cada uma das regiões atendidas pelas ETE, em duas campanhas de amostragem (março e junho de 2010). Dentre as ETE estudadas, amostras provenientes de Samambaia apresentaram as maiores concentrações (de 3866 a 2477 ng L -1 de BE e 805 a 579 ng L -1 de COC) e doses por habitante (mais de 13 doses habitante -1 por ano). A extrapolação para toda a população do DF indica um consumo anual alcançando 1,0 tonelada de cocaína base livre, ou 1,1 tonelada de cloridrato de cocaína. Este trabalho também aborda a influência da forma de apresentação da cocaína (base livre ou sal cloridrato) e a integração com resultados de perfil químico na busca de estimativas mais realistas, principalmente no que se refere aos pontos de vista da criminalística e da segurança pública. This is the first report on the occurrence of cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE) residues in six samples collected from different wastewater treatment plants (WTP) located in the Brazilian Federal District (FD). Concentrations of BE in the influent sewage were used to calculate cocaine consumption (kg year -1 per 1000 inhabitants) for each region attended by the WTP from two sampling campaigns (March and June, 2010). Among the WTP studied, samples from Samambaia showed higher concentrations (from 3866 to 2477 ng L -1 of BE and 805 to 579 ng L -1 of COC) and doses per inhabitants (more than 13 doses inhabitant -1 per year). The extrapolation to the whole FD population points out to an annual consumption reaching 1.0 ton of free base cocaine, or 1.1 tons of cocaine hydrochloride. The work also addresses the influence of the cocaine presentation form (free base or hydrochloride) and the integration with chemical profiling results in a more realistic estimate, mainly concerning the viewpoints of forensics and law enforcement.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating cocaine consumption in the Brazilian Federal District (FD) by sewage analysis

Maldaner

Schmidt

Locatelli³

et al. 2012

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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show abstract

“…For the first time, to the authors' knowledge, a method has been developed to monitor the aqueous environment to potentially differentiate the use of powder cocaine (intranasal or intravenous) to that of crack cocaine (smoked). Crack cocaine, when smoked, causes the thermal degeneration of cocaine into many compounds including anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME) [41][42][43][44]. Thus, when crack cocaine is smoked AEME will be inhaled.…”

Section: Choice Of Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, when crack cocaine is smoked AEME will be inhaled. AEME is subsequently metabolised in the body to ecgonidine (ECD) [42][43][44]. The powdered form of cocaine cannot be vaporized or smoked to create euphoric effect [44].…”

Section: Choice Of Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-residue analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

Baker

Kasprzyk-Hordern

2011

Journal of Chromatography A

241

136

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Pathophysiology, Molecular Interaction Mechanism, Metabolism, Pharmacotherapy and New Perspectives in the Pharmacological Treatment of Chemical Dependence on the Main Illicit Drugs Consumed in the World

Ferreira

Chaves

Batista

et al. 2022

Research Topics in Bioactivity, Environment and Energy

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A study on the stability of anhydroecgonine methyl ester (crack biomarker), benzoylecgonine, and cocaine in human urine

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Estimating cocaine consumption in the Brazilian Federal District (FD) by sewage analysis

Estimating cocaine consumption in the Brazilian Federal District (FD) by sewage analysis

Multi-residue analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

Pathophysiology, Molecular Interaction Mechanism, Metabolism, Pharmacotherapy and New Perspectives in the Pharmacological Treatment of Chemical Dependence on the Main Illicit Drugs Consumed in the World

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