The use of genes for performance enhancement: doping or therapy?

Oliveira, Rômulo Silva de; Collares, Tiago; Smith, Kevin R.; Seixas, Fabiana K.

doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500145

Cited by 19 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Even though literature presents relevant work related to genic therapy and therapeutics to increase muscle mass 11,25 , no studies were observed that identified the variation of body mass in animals treated with myostatin inhibitor. It is worth to mention that the aerobe exercise protocol was used, what would favor body mass loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplement with Cystoseira canariensis promotes an increase of resistance to the maximum load in the grastrocnemius muscle of female rats

Abdalla¹,

Araújo

Carvalho

et al. 2014

Fisioter. Pesqui.

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Was evaluated the maximum load supported by the grastrocnemius muscle of female rats after the ministering of Cystoseira canariensis, either associated or not to swimming. Twenty-eight young Wistar female rats were used, divided into 4 groups: control (C, n=7); supplement (S, n=7); supplement and swimming (SSw, n=7); swimming (Sw, n=7). Each one pertaining to the groups S and SSw received 20 mg of myostatin inhibitor per day. The swimming consisted in an aerobe protocol, three times in a week, during eight weeks. The right grastrocnemius muscle of each animal was removed and a tension test was performed in an Emic testing machine. The results (Mean±SEM) were evaluated through ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). A significant difference for maximum load (in N) was verified among the groups C (35.41±1.06) and S (39.98±1.15); Sw (27.94±2.19) and S (39.98±1.15); Sw (27.94±2.19) and SSw (37.78±1.28). In relation to the stretching at the maximum limit (in x10-3m) at the maximum load, the group SSw obtained a value (20.68±1.19) significantly greater than the groups C (17.15±1.11), S and Sw (16.11±1.60). There was a significant difference for body weight gain among the groups treated with supplement and supplement associated to the swimming, with smaller values for this last. The myostatin inhibitor either, associated or not to the swimming, promotes an increase of resistance to the maximum load in the tension test in grastrocnemius muscle of young female rats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplement with Cystoseira canariensis promotes an increase of resistance to the maximum load in the grastrocnemius muscle of female rats

Abdalla¹,

Araújo

Carvalho

et al. 2014

Fisioter. Pesqui.

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“…EPO is a hormone with 165 amino acids produced mainly in the renal cortex and its production is quickly induced by hypoxia. 3 44 55–57 After being released, EPO binds to the EPO receptor stimulating erythropoiesis (the production of new erythrocytes),40 41 54 58 which increases the number of haemoglobin carrying erythrocytes in the blood. Haemoglobin binds to oxygen with high affinity; although this affinity is reduced by heat or high carbon dioxide concentrations—conditions found in active muscle tissue 54.…”

Section: Properties Targets and Current Status Of Protein Drugs And mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is used to treat anaemia caused by kidney disease, cancer or HIV, or for blood loss following surgery or trauma. Instead of giving a patient–donor blood to increase erythrocytes, the patient is injected with EPO to stimulate erythropoiesis 5 44 54–56. Although studies have shown the stimulation of steroidogenesis in Leydig cells by EPO leads to infertility over time,44 EPO has also been found to have neuroprotective properties 40–42 44…”

Section: Properties Targets and Current Status Of Protein Drugs And mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gene doping: an overview and current implications for athletes

et al. 2013

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The possibility of gene doping, defined as the transfer of nucleic acid sequences and/or the use of normal or genetically modified cells to enhance sport performance, is a real concern in sports medicine. The abuse of knowledge and techniques gained in the area of gene therapy is a form of doping, and is prohibited for competitive athletes. As yet there is no conclusive evidence that that gene doping has been practiced in sport. However, given that gene therapy techniques improve continuously, the likelihood of abuse will increase. A literature search was conducted to identify the most relevant proteins based on their current gene doping potential using articles from Pubmed, Scopus and Embase published between 2006 and 2011. The final list of selected proteins were erythropoietin, insulin-like growth factor, growth hormone, myostatin, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, endorphin and enkephalin, α actinin 3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARδ) and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C). We discuss these proteins with respect to their potential benefits, existing gene therapy experience in humans, potential risks, and chances of detection in current and future anti-doping controls. We have identified PPARδ and PEPCK-C as having high potential for abuse. But we expect that for efficiency reasons, there will be a preference for inserting gene target combinations rather than single gene doping products. This will also further complicate detection.

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“…Gene therapy techniques can, however, enable the manipulation of biotechnology for illicit use in sport (Mansour, Azzazy, 2009;McKanna, Toriello, 2010;Oliveira et al, 2011). Such a scenario is theoretically possible, but it is not known whether any athletes have already resorted to it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myostatin: genetic variants, therapy and gene doping

Yamada

Verlengia²,

Júnior

2012

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

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Since its discovery, myostatin (MSTN) has been at the forefront of muscle therapy research because intrinsic mutations or inhibition of this protein, by either pharmacological or genetic means, result in muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia. In addition to muscle growth, MSTN inhibition potentially disturbs connective tissue, leads to strength modulation, facilitates myoblast transplantation, promotes tissue regeneration, induces adipose tissue thermogenesis and increases muscle oxidative phenotype. It is also known that current advances in gene therapy have an impact on sports because of the illicit use of such methods. However, the adverse effects of these methods, their impact on athletic performance in humans and the means of detecting gene doping are as yet unknown. The aim of the present review is to discuss biosynthesis, genetic variants, pharmacological/genetic manipulation, doping and athletic performance in relation to the MSTN pathway. As will be concluded from the manuscript, MSTN emerges as a promising molecule for combating muscle wasting diseases and for triggering wide-ranging discussion in view of its possible use in gene doping. Uniterms:Myostatin. Myostatin/genetic variants. Myostatin/pharmacological inhibitors. Gene doping. Gene therapy. Physical performance. Skeletal muscle.Desde sua descoberta, a miostatina (MSTN) entrou na linha de frente em pesquisas relacionadas às terapias musculares porque mutações intrínsecas ou inibição desta proteína tanto por abordagens farmacológicas como genéticas resultam em hipertrofia muscular e hiperplasia. Além do aumento da massa muscular, a inibição de MSTN potencialmente prejudica o tecido conectivo, modula a força muscular, facilita o transplante de mioblastos, promove regeneração tecidual, induz termogênese no tecido adiposo e aumenta a oxidação na musculatura esquelética. É também sabido que os atuais avanços em terapia gênica têm uma relação com o esporte devido ao uso ilícito de tal método. Os efeitos adversos de tal abordagem, seus efeitos no desempenho de atletas e métodos para detectar doping genético são, contudo, desconhecidos. O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura foi discutir biossíntese, variantes genéticas, manipulação genética e farmacológica, e doping relacionado à via da MSTN. Como será concluído do manuscrito, a MSTN emerge como uma molécula promissora para combater doenças atróficas musculares e para gerar muitas discussões devido à sua possível utilização em doping genético. Unitermos:Miostatina. Miostatina/variantes genéticas. Miostatina/inibidores farmacológicos. Doping genético. Desempenho atlético. Músculo esquelético.

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The use of genes for performance enhancement: doping or therapy?

Cited by 19 publications

References 60 publications

Supplement with Cystoseira canariensis promotes an increase of resistance to the maximum load in the grastrocnemius muscle of female rats

Supplement with Cystoseira canariensis promotes an increase of resistance to the maximum load in the grastrocnemius muscle of female rats

Gene doping: an overview and current implications for athletes

Myostatin: genetic variants, therapy and gene doping

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