The response of social anxiety disorder patients to threat scenarios differs from that of healthy controls

Mesquita, Sara; Shuhama, Rosana; Osório, Flávia L.; Crippa, José Alexandre S; Loureiro, S.R.; Landeira-Fernández, J.; Graeff, Frederico Guilherme; Del-Ben, Cristina Marta

doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500137

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This has been replicated in Wales [60] and in Brazil [61–63] suggesting that culture is a relatively minor factor in the relationship between context and specific defenses, and further emphasizing the possibility that these relationships between context and behavior are features of the brain systems controlling defense patterns.…”

Section: Visible Burrow Systemmentioning

confidence: 87%

Nuance and behavioral cogency: How the Visible Burrow System inspired the Stress-Alternatives Model and conceptualization of the continuum of anxiety

Robertson

Prince

Achua

et al. 2015

Physiology & Behavior

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By creating the Visible Burrow System (VBS) Bob Blanchard found a way to study the interaction of genetics, physiology, environment, and adaptive significance in a model with broad validity. The VBS changed the way we think about anxiety and affective disorders by allowing the mechanisms which control them to be observed in a dynamic setting. Critically, Blanchard used the VBS and other models to show how behavioral systems like defense are dependent upon context and behavioral elements unique to the individual. Inspired by the VBS, we developed a Stress Alternatives Model (SAM) to further explore the multifaceted dynamics of the stress response with a dichotomous choice condition. Like the VBS, the SAM is a naturalistic model built upon risk-assessment and defensive behavior, but with a choice of response: escape or submission to a large conspecific aggressor. The anxiety of novelty during the first escape must be weighed against fear of the aggressor, and a decision must be made. Both outcomes are adaptively significant, evidenced by a 50/50 split in outcome across several study systems. By manipulating the variables of the SAM, we show that a gradient of anxiety exists that spans the contextual settings of escaping an open field, escaping from aggression, and submitting to aggression. These findings correspond with increasing levels of corticosterone and increasing levels of NPS and BDNF in the central amygdala as the context changes. Whereas some anxiolytics were able to reduce the latency to escape for some animals, only with the potent anxiolytic drug antalarmin (CRF1R-blocker) and the anxiogenic drug yohimbine (α2 antagonist) were we able to reverse the outcome for a substantial proportion of individuals. Our findings promote a novel method for modeling anxiety, offering a distinction between low-and-high levels, and accounting for individual variability. The translational value of the VBS is immeasurable, and it guided us and many other researchers to seek potential clinical solutions through a deeper understanding of regional neurochemistry and gene expression in concert with an ecological behavioral model.

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Section: Visible Burrow Systemmentioning

confidence: 87%

Nuance and behavioral cogency: How the Visible Burrow System inspired the Stress-Alternatives Model and conceptualization of the continuum of anxiety

Robertson

Prince

Achua

et al. 2015

Physiology & Behavior

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“…Threat scenarios (Blanchard et al, 2001) have been studied previously (Mesquita et al, 2011;Perkins & Corr, 2006;Perkins et al, 2010;Shuhama et al 2008). They are designed to measure 10 defensive behaviours in 12 threatening situations.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality and defensive behaviour: A factor analytic approach to threat scenario choices

Krupić

Križanić

Corr

2016

Personality and Individual Differences

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Citation: Krupić, D., Križanić, V. & Corr, P. J. (2016). Personality and defensive behaviour:A factor analytic approach to threat scenario choices. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, pp. 303-308. doi: 10.1016Differences, 94, pp. 303-308. doi: 10. /j.paid.2016 This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Although people tend to react in specific ways in threatening situations, research 11 points to the importance of individual differences in these defensive behaviours. From the 12 perspective of the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST), this study examined the role of 13 personality traits in predicting these fight, flight and freeze behaviours. Four RST 14 questionnaires and the Blanchards' threat scenarios were used with a total of 1,019 15 participants. Threat scenarios were modified and examined by exploratory factor analysis 16 Permanent

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“…These findings have been replicated (46,47) and linked to measures of state and trait anxiety (48). Interestingly, responses of males with social anxiety disorder in this task were much closer to those of females with social anxiety disorder than those of males in the control group were to those of females in the control groupindicating that social anxiety disorder involves heightened levels of defense responses (43,49).…”

Section: Behaviormentioning

confidence: 53%

Are Fear and Anxiety Truly Distinct?

Daniel-Watanabe¹,

Fletcher²

2021

Preprint

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Fear and anxiety are largely seen as separate entities, a distinction that inspires and shapes basic and clinical research. Evidence for this distinction has a rich translational base and comes from physiological, behavioural and neurobiological studies. But there is a high degree of inconsistency and a number of fundamental limitations that lead us to question the validity of the distinction. We consider relevant research and examine the underlying assumptions, concluding that, though the distinction has been influential and useful, future progress requires that we recognise it as an over-simplification.

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The response of social anxiety disorder patients to threat scenarios differs from that of healthy controls

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Nuance and behavioral cogency: How the Visible Burrow System inspired the Stress-Alternatives Model and conceptualization of the continuum of anxiety

Nuance and behavioral cogency: How the Visible Burrow System inspired the Stress-Alternatives Model and conceptualization of the continuum of anxiety

Personality and defensive behaviour: A factor analytic approach to threat scenario choices

Are Fear and Anxiety Truly Distinct?

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