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UK Ministry of Justice data and documents and police records are used to examine the crimes committed by SHAC (Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty) activists against Huntington Life Sciences, a company using animals for research. The police response and its effects on the animal rights campaign are also considered. The study is distinctive in that it explores activists' modi operandi using case studies and the use of covert investigative techniques in policing offences against victims of animal rights activists. The effects of SHAC's leadership 'decapitation' are measured, not only with offence numbers, but also by using sentence length to measure harm. The intelligence-led investigation proved effective in providing evidence of an organized campaign of intimidation that had very serious effects on families, employees and commercial profitability. Leadership removal resulted in a marked offending drop, offset somewhat by increased seriousness, so that overall harm fell, but less than expected from offence numbers. This counters the view that leadership removal in organizations motivated by ideological principles is pointless or counterproductive.
UK Ministry of Justice data and documents and police records are used to examine the crimes committed by SHAC (Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty) activists against Huntington Life Sciences, a company using animals for research. The police response and its effects on the animal rights campaign are also considered. The study is distinctive in that it explores activists' modi operandi using case studies and the use of covert investigative techniques in policing offences against victims of animal rights activists. The effects of SHAC's leadership 'decapitation' are measured, not only with offence numbers, but also by using sentence length to measure harm. The intelligence-led investigation proved effective in providing evidence of an organized campaign of intimidation that had very serious effects on families, employees and commercial profitability. Leadership removal resulted in a marked offending drop, offset somewhat by increased seriousness, so that overall harm fell, but less than expected from offence numbers. This counters the view that leadership removal in organizations motivated by ideological principles is pointless or counterproductive.
ResumoA legislação que regulamenta o uso de animais para fins científicos nos países ocidentais segue princípios semelhantes, diferindo apenas em complexidade e extensão. Em geral, a lei protege apenas os vertebrados por considerá-los dotados da capacidade de ter experiências subjetivas como dor e sofrimento. Estudos utilizando parâmetros fisiológicos, neuroanatômicos e comportamentais evidenciam a senciência em invertebrados como cefalópodes e decápodes, dando-lhes o direito de proteção legal em alguns países. Sugerimos uma abordagem de senciência com requisitos elementares, não restritos apenas aos vertebrados. Fatores socioeconômicos e o especismo parecem influenciar a não atribuição de senciência aos invertebrados. Portanto, fica evidente a necessidade de uma análise bioética para fundamentar a inclusão desses animais na legislação. O "benefício da dúvida" é corroborado pelos argumentos da "continuidade evolutiva" e do "princípio da precaução". Nesse ínterim sugerimos que a utilização dos invertebrados para fins científicos seja criteriosa e responsável. Palavras-chave: Invertebrados. Legislação. Senciência. Experimentação animal. Especismo. Resumen La legislación de protección animal para fines científicos y la no inclusión de los invertebrados -un análisis bioético La legislación reguladora del uso de animales para fines científicos en países occidentales sigue principios similares, distinguiéndose en complejidad y extensión. En general, la ley protege apenas a los vertebrados, considerándolos dotados de capacidad de tener experiencias subjetivas como dolor y sufrimiento. Estudios utilizando parámetros fisiológicos, neuroanatómicos y comportamentales demuestran sintiencia en invertebrados como cefalópodos y decápodos, dándoles el derecho de protección legal en algunos países. Sugerimos un enfoque de sintiencia con requisitos elementales, que no se restrinjan únicamente a vertebrados. Factores socio-económicos y el especisismo parecen influir en la no atribución de sintiencia a invertebrados. Así, se hace evidente la necesidad de un análisis bioético para fundamentar la inclusión de esos animales en la legislación. El "beneficio de la duda" es corroborado por los argumentos de "continuidad evolutiva" y "principio de precaución". En ese ínterin, sugerimos que la utilización de los invertebrados para fines científicos sea criteriosa y responsable. Palabras-clave: Invertebrados. Legislación. Sintinencia. Experimentación animal. Especisismo. Abstract Animal protection legislation for scientific purposes and the non-inclusion of invertebrates ̶ a bioethical analysis Animal welfare legislation in Western countries follows similar principles, differing mainly in complexity and scope. The legislation basically protects vertebrates, since it considers them capable of having subjective experiences such as pain and suffering. Studies utilizing physiological, neuroanatomical and behavioral parameters indicate that invertebrates like cephalopods and decapods are sentient beings, and thus eligible for legal protection in...
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