Electrocardiographic studies of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus variegatus

Silva, E M; Duarte, D.P.F.; Costa, Cristina dos Santos Ribeiro

doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2005001200018

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Without evidences of other electrocardiographic signs compatible with overload as occurs in dogs (increase in amplitude of the R wave or right direction of the cardiac axis). Some factors too may be involved in the electrical conduction delay, as ketamine administration reported in capybaras and dogs (Szabuniewicz et al 1978, Souza et al 2002, and diaphragm displacement by gastric food accumulation that changes the heart position as described by Silva et al (2005) since these animals were not fasted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrocardiographic exam in female spotted pacas (Cuniculus paca)

et al. 2016

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RESUMO.-[Exame eletrocardiográfico em pacas fême-as (Cuniculus paca).]Considerando a limitada informação sobre a fisiologia cardíaca em roedores neotropicais e a importância desta informação para estudos fisiopatológicos e de conservação desta espécie, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a atividade elétrica cardíaca de pacas saudáveis mantidas em cativeiro, sob restrição química, devido à natureza selvagem destes animais. Onze fêmeas adultas foram avaliadas clinicamente e por meio do hemograma e testes bioquímicos no intuito de descartar qualquer co-morbidade associada. Cada animal foi submetido a três períodos experimentais a cada 15 dias. Após a restrição química com Considering the limited physiological information available on neotropical rodents and the importance of this information for pathophysiological and conservation studies of these species, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiac electric physiology of healthy captivity spotted pacas (Cuniculus paca) under chemical restraint, due to wild nature of these animals. Eleven adult female pacas were evaluated by blood count and biochemical dosage to rule out any associate disease. Each animal was evaluated in three periods every 15 days. After chemical restraint with intramuscular midazolam 0.5mg/kg and ketamine 25mg/kg, animals were subjected to a computerized electrocardiogram, where bipolar (DI, DII and DIII) and augmented unipolar leads (aVR, aVL, aVF) were obtained. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each parameter and built the confidence interval (CI) at significance level of 95%. The electrocardiographic examination was performed without difficult. ECG tracing in DII represents a QRS complex with positive polarity, preceded by a P wave of the same polarity and proceeded by T wave of variable polarity. Heart rate mean was 150±17 bpm, and cardiac electrical axis 33.4±21.9°. All animals showed sinusal rhythm. The ECG recording technique associated with chemical restraint was well tolerated, allowing quick acquisition of reliable ECG tracings with high repeatability, which produced sufficient results to determine the heart rhythm and suggest measures of ECG complexes duration and amplitude.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrocardiographic exam in female spotted pacas (Cuniculus paca)

et al. 2016

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“…In rabbits, this variability would be due to the flexibility of their skin (Slapak & Hermanek 1957, Saitanov 1960, Szabuniewicz & Szabuniewicz 1978, and in sloths it is due to the presence of their gastric contents (Silva et al 2005). In the present study, there was no interference from either of these factors because agouti skin is not very flexible and the gastric contents were removed by fasting before the experiment, a necessary procedure for the administration of anaesthesia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Computerized electrocardiogram in agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831) anesthetized with ketamine and midazolam

Diniz

Pessoa

Moura³

et al. 2017

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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An electrocardiogram is a test that assesses heart electrical activity and is applied more frequently in the veterinary care of wild animals. The present study aimed to define the electrocardiogram pattern of agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831) anesthetized with ketamine and midazolam. Eighteen clinically healthy agoutis (D. prymnolopha) were used from the Nucleus for Wild Animal Studies and Conservation (NEPAS) of the Federal University of Piauí, Brazil. The animals were chemically restrained with 5% ketamine hydrochloride at a dose of 15mg/kg and midazolam at a dose of 1mg/kg by intramuscular injection. Electrocardiogram tests were carried out by a computerized method with the veterinary electrocardiogram [Acquisition Model for Computer (ECG - PC version Windows 95) Brazilian Electronic Technology (TEB) consisting of an electronic circuit externally connected to a notebook computer with ECGPC-VET (TEB) software installed on the hard disc. In analysing the EKG results, significant differences were observed for QRS complex duration, PR and QT intervals and for R wave millivoltage between the genders; but we observed a significant influence of weight despite the gender. In the present experiment, the anaesthetic protocol was shown to be well tolerated by the agoutis, and no arrhythmias occurred during the time the animals were monitored. The reference values obtained should be used to better understand the cardiac electrophysiology of the species and for its clinical and surgical management.

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“…Com base nos resultados dos exames de eletrocardiograma realizados nos bichos-preguiça nesta pesquisa, percebeu-se que o ritmo cardíaco se demonstrou sinusal e os batimentos variaram de 67 a 100 bpm, entre o jovem e os adultos, fêmeas e machos. Esses dados corroboram os achados de Silva et al [33], que também utilizaram animais não anestesiados, e obtiveram uma média de 81 ± 18 bpm, para a preguiça-comum. Não obstante a metodologia utilizada pelos autores, segue aquela proposta por Duarte et al [11], onde os animais ficavam sentados numa cadeira experimental, que segundo eles imitava bem uma posição corriqueira da espécie nas árvores.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Ao comparar os traçados de eletrocardiograma obtidos nos bradipodídeos, com aqueles identificados por Silva et al [33], notou-se que as médias das durações das ondas apresentam discrepâncias mínimas, exceto para o intervalo Q-T, onde os autores calcularam 0,38 s, enquanto que neste estudo os animais apresentaram uma média de ≅ 0,19 s. Em ambas as pesquisas, a onda T demonstrou-se sempre positiva. Todavia, para Silva et al [33], os ângulos dos eixos cardíacos variaram consideravelmente. Eles alegaram que, tamanha variação se deu em meio a posição sentada em que se encontravam as preguiças durante o exame, onde o coração, mediante a proximidade ao diafragma teria assumido uma posição semi-horizontal.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Internal Macroscopic Anatomy and Electrical Evaluation of the Bradypus variegatus Heart

Albuquerque

Ferri

Braz

et al. 2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: The Bradypus variegatus species presents peculiar anatomophysiological properties and many aspects of its organic systems still need to be clarified, especially regarding the cardiovascular system, given its participation in vital activities. Disorderly anthropic action has had drastic consequences in sloth populations and the need to treat sick and injured animals is increasingly common. To this end, the importance of knowing its characteristics is emphasized. Therefore, this study proposed to describe the internal macroscopic structures of the sloth's heart, as well as to measure the ventricular walls and indicate the electrical activity of the organ.Materials, Methods and Results: For the dissections, 15 Bradypus variegatus cadavers were used (1 young female, 9 adults females and 5 adult males) belonging to the Área de Anatomia of the Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal (DMFA), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recide, PE, Brazil. After they were fixed and preserved, the specimens received a midsagittal incision in the chest, followed by soft tissue folding and removal of ribs to access the heart. The organ was derived from the cavity and sectioned sagittal medially to identify its internal anatomy. Ventricular walls and interventricular septum were measured with a steel caliper (150 mm / 0.02 mm). An electrocardiogram was performed to determine the electrical profile on 5 healthy B. variegatus sloths, living under semi-livestock conditions at the Recife Zoo, PE, Brazil. The electrodes were taken from the regions, scapular and glutes of the animals that were called hugging a keeper during the procedure, carried out in the Zoo itself, using a portable device. Based on the data obtained, sloths have cardiac chambers separated by septa, however between atria and ventricles, in both antimeres, there are atrioventricular ostia, where valves are found, consisting of 3 valves on the right and 2 on the left. The atria are practically smooth inside and have their cavity enlarged by the atria, the right being larger than the left, these having a greater amount of pectineal muscles in relation to the atria. The ventricles have trabeculae and papillary muscles, 3 on the right and 2 on the left. These muscles hold the tendinous chords that connect the valves. The existence of trabeculae marginal septum was not evidenced. The thickness of the wall of the left ventricle, as well as that of the interventricular septum, proved to be greater than the thickness of the wall of the right ventricle, regardless of the age or sex of the animals. Based on the electrocardiographic recordings, the sloths presented sinus rhythm, with a heart rate between 67 and 100 bpm. The electrical axis ranged from -60º to -90º. The P wave is smoother than the QRS complex. While the S-T segment was classified as isoelectric. The T wave was shown to be + and predominantly > or = at 25% of the S wave, which characterized an rS type QRS deflection in both females and males.Discussion: The general characteristics of the cardiac chambers in sloths are similar to those observed in other domestic and wild mammals. However, the presence of pectineal muscles associated with the atria and auricles differs from that observed in mammals such as the paca and raccoon and in birds such as the ostrich, which have trabecular structures in these cavities. The number of valves in sloths is equal to the anteater. However, it has a marginal trabeculae septum, not seen in Bradypus variegatus. According to the electrocardiographic findings, the rhythm was sinus, but much lower than that observed in the capuchin monkey, which also maintains arboreal habits. Keywords: Xenarthra, common sloth, internal anatomy, heart, electrocardiogram.Descritores: Xenarthra, preguiça-comum, anatomia interna, coração, eletrocardiograma.

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Electrocardiographic studies of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus variegatus

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Electrocardiographic exam in female spotted pacas (Cuniculus paca)

Electrocardiographic exam in female spotted pacas (Cuniculus paca)

Computerized electrocardiogram in agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831) anesthetized with ketamine and midazolam

Internal Macroscopic Anatomy and Electrical Evaluation of the Bradypus variegatus Heart

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