Review of the Y chromosome and hypertension

Ely, Daniel; Turner, Monte E.; Milsted, Amy

doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2000000600009

Cited by 48 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Furthermore, in several experimental models of essential hypertension, there are strong links between the Y chromosome and other physiological parameters that can affect BP, such as androgens, sympathetic nervous system, and salt sensitivity. 6 The CYP11B2 SF1 T allele has been previously found to be associated with hypertension. 11 Mutations in the aldosterone synthase gene are also known to result in glucocorticoid remediable hyperaldosteronism, which is an autosomal dominant form of hypertension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Extensive data from rodent models indicate a significant association between the Y chromosome and BP. [3][4][5][6][7][8] Moreover, human studies have shown that a hypertensive father but not a mother affects BP in normotensive male offspring. 9 Recently, Ellis et al 10 reported an association between an increased risk of elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and a biallelic polymorphism on the NRY region of the Y chromosome in 409 subjects recruited from the general population in Victoria, Australia.…”

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The Y Chromosome Effect on Blood Pressure in Two European Populations

et al. 2002

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Abstract-Higher blood pressure (BP) in males compared with females is well documented and is thought to be influenced in part by the Y chromosome. To examine whether there is an association between BP and a polymorphic HindIII biallelic marker in the nonrecombining region of the Y chromosome, we genotyped 155 males from a Polish study group and 762 males from a Scottish study group. We also tested for possible interaction between the Y chromosome and a mutation in the steroidogenic factor binding site of the aldosterone synthase gene by genotyping the same group from Scotland. There was no significant difference in age or body mass index between 2 Y chromosome genotypes in both study groups.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Y Chromosome Effect on Blood Pressure in Two European Populations

et al. 2002

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“…One of the attributes of maleness in humans and laboratory rodents is the presence of chromosome Y. Interestingly, several chromosome substitution experiments have been performed between normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto, Brown Norway, and King Holtzman) and hypertensive (spontaneously hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone) rat inbred strains. 73,74 In several cases, the presence of chromosome Y from the hypertensive strain was associated with a 20-to 25-mm Hg difference in blood pressure. Of note, this is not a genetic characteristic of all hypertensive strains, because transfer of chromosome Y from other hypertensive strains did not yield the same effect.…”

Section: Role Of Sex Chromosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…73 When present, the effect of chromosome Y was found to depend on the presence of testosterone and of androgen receptors. 74 Although the effect of chromosome Y on left ventricular mass has not been tested directly, allelic variants of this chromosome also associate with sympathetic nervous system activity, salt sensitivity, and lipid phenotypes, all of which may (in addition to blood pressure) affect cardiac remodeling. 73,74 Recently we have measured the shape of cardiomyocytes from 2 mouse strains displaying marked differences in cardiac mass, that is, A/J and C57Bl/6J mice.…”

Section: Role Of Sex Chromosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertensive Cardiac Remodeling in Males and Females

Deschepper

Llamas²

2007

Hypertension

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C ardiovascular diseases affect women and men differently: there are sex-dependent differences in the age at which they become manifest, in the pathophysiologic consequences of various insults, in the relative importance of risk factors, and in the responses to several treatments (as reviewed recently). 1,2 Although many of these differences may relate to modifications of the lipid profile, as well as differences in the functions of endothelial and/or vascular smooth muscle cells, it is becoming clear that direct actions within the heart itself must also be considered. The current review will, therefore, focus on sex-specific differences in the remodeling responses of cardiac ventricles to various challenges. Sex-Dependent Differences in Cardiac RemodelingAt baseline, male and female hearts display several differences: (1) coronary artery size is smaller in women 3 ; (2) there are differences in the electrophysiological properties of the hearts, as females have faster resting heart rates and longer rate-corrected QT intervals 4,5 ; (3) male and female hearts differ in terms of the pattern of expression of certain genes 6 ; and (4) there are differences in the contractile properties of male and female hearts. 7,8 More importantly, there are significant differences in the way male and female hearts respond to various challenges. In rodents, aortic bandinginduced pressure overload increases left ventricular mass to the same extent in males and females, but function is better preserved in females, and males show an early transition to heart failure. 9,10 In rats, volume overload induces eccentric dilated hypertrophy in male Sprague-Dawley rats but not in females. 11 Differences in the remodeling responses can also be seen after myocardial infarction (MI), because female rats develop less thickening of noninfarcted regions and less pronounced diastolic dysfunction than their male counterparts, 12 and post-MI rupture of the left ventricle is less frequent in female than in male mice. 13,14 Aging (arguably the most common type of insult on human hearts) may also affect cardiomyocytes in a sex-specific fashion. For instance, various biochemical characteristics (including telomerase activity and several components of the insulin-like growth factor system) vary differently across the lifespan in male and female cardiomyocytes. 15,16 Finally, there are several examples where modification of the cardiac expression of specific genes (either by transgenesis or inactivation) induces cardiac remodeling in male but not in female mice. 17,18 With the exception of longer QT intervals (which increase the risk of "torsades-de-pointe" in females), males generally develop greater remodeling responses than females. 2 The sex-related differences in remodeling of the whole heart are mirrored by differences in intracellular signaling pathways and/or patterns of gene expression. First, rat cardiac myocytes display sexdependent differences in intracellular calcium concentrations under either baseline or stimulated conditions (which is impor...

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“…They also interact with the environment, including risk factors for CVD (such as smoking, higher serum cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol and obesity). The Y chromosome is also suspected of interacting with androgens and their receptors 303,306,307 and hormones of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system 303 in blood pressure regulation. Although evidence supports the contribution of the Y chromosome to the regulation of blood pressure and other cardiovascular phenotypes in males, no genes on the Y chromosome have been found to contribute directly to hypertension, although confirmation is still required for some candidate genes.…”

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A comprehensive view of sex-specific issues related to cardiovascular disease

Pilote¹,

Dasgupta²,

Guru³

et al. 2007

Canadian Medical Association Journal

369

255

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A comprehensive view of sex-specific issues related to cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in women. In fact, CVD is responsible for a third of all deaths of women worldwide and half of all deaths of women over 50 years of age in developing countries. The prevalence of CVD risk factor precursors is increasing in children. Retrospective analyses suggest that there are some clinically relevant differences between women and men in terms of prevalence, presentation, management and outcomes of the disease, but little is known about why CVD affects women and men differently. For instance, women with diabetes have a significantly higher CVD mortality rate than men with diabetes. Similarly, women with atrial fibrillation are at greater risk of stroke than men with atrial fibrillation. Historically, women have been underrepresented in clinical trials. The lack of good trial evidence concerning sex-specific outcomes has led to assumptions about CVD treatment in women, which in turn may have resulted in inadequate diagnoses and suboptimal management, greatly affecting outcomes. This knowledge gap may also explain why cardiovascular health in women is not improving as fast as that of men. Over the last decades, mortality rates in men have steadily declined, while those in women remained stable. It is also becoming increasingly evident that gender differences in cultural, behavioural, psychosocial and socioeconomic status are responsible, to various degrees, for the observed differences between women and men. However, the interaction between sex-and gender-related factors and CVD outcomes in women remains largely unknown. CMAJ 2007;176(6):S1-44 Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) is common, significant sex-related differences in its epidemiology have only recently been appreciated. The objective of this section is to demonstrate that there are sex-specific differences in the prevalence, complications and burden of CVD in terms of mortality, hospital admissions and quality of life. Abstract Search strategyA MEDLINE search was conducted using the MeSH terms "cardiovascular disease" OR "atrial fibrillation" OR "congestive heart failure." A second search used the terms "prevalence" OR "incidence" OR "mortality" and the final search combined the results of the first 2 searches and added the terms "gender" OR "sex." Articles identified in this manner were retrieved and their reference lists searched for additional relevant articles. The search was limited to English-language publications, but no other restrictions were applied. Other data sources included Web sites of the World Health Organization, the Canadian Institute for Health Information and the National Centre for Health Statistics. Thirty-three original studies were reviewed. Studies were included if they were cohort studies, case-control studies or nested cohort studies that examined the incidence, prevalence or mortality of CVD, congestive heart failure or atrial fibrillation. The studies had to include data on both ...

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Review of the Y chromosome and hypertension

Cited by 48 publications

References 44 publications

The Y Chromosome Effect on Blood Pressure in Two European Populations

The Y Chromosome Effect on Blood Pressure in Two European Populations

Hypertensive Cardiac Remodeling in Males and Females

A comprehensive view of sex-specific issues related to cardiovascular disease

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