Worker honeybee hemolymph lipid composition and synodic lunar cycle periodicities

Mikulecký, M; Bounias, M.

doi:10.1590/s0100-879x1997000200018

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…187-190;Kipyatkov, 1994;Dautell & Knülle, 1997;Nisimura & Numata, 2001); for tidal, lunar and circaseptan periodicities (e.g. Neumann, 1976Neumann, , 1995Ernst, 1995;Mikulecky & Bounias, 1997;Meyer-Rochow & Brown, 1998;McMeechan et al, 2000); and for annual antifreeze synthesis (suspectedby Meier & Zettel, 1997).…”

Section: Clocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying insect photoperiodism and rhythmicity: Components, approaches and lessons

Danks¹

2003

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract.Components of daily and seasonal timing systems in insects are reviewed. Photoperiod indicates seasonal position reliably, but signals can be much modified by habitat, latitude and season. Several receptor features and pigment systems are known, with different daily, seasonal and general functions, including differences between circadian and seasonal reception. Clocks can serve several different purposes, functioning as daily oscillators, interval timers or through successive requirements. The molecular functioning of circadian clocks is best known, but even so there is considerable complexity and diversity and much remains to be discovered. We know relatively little about the internal states that provide information for timed responses (such as the photoperi odic "counter"), about the central controlling mechanism, or about the effectors that transmit output signals. Nevertheless, temporal responses serve a very great range of purposes in insects, and the reported complexity in all of the components of timing systems reflects complex ecological needs across daily and seasonal intervals. The variety of components and the complexity of interactions reported (even within species), as well as the diversity of such elements as photosensitive pigments, molecular clock function and potential neurotransmitters, suggests that -unlike some earlier expectations -there is no single master clock for all timing functions in insects.Insect photoperiodism and rhythmicity have been studied by both observational or direct approaches (examination of system ele ments or devices, and qualities such as survival), and by inferential or indirect approaches (such as interpretation of various responses to photoperiod, modelling, and estimating fitness). Many students work with only one approach, but the power of different approaches is not equal, and knowledge at one level may not give answers at another. These difficulties tend to limit our under standing of the linkages among components.This overview suggests several lessons for the study of photoperiodism and rhythmicity. There are multiple elements, complex integration and a diversity of clocks, showing that different processes serve different purposes. The diversity of findings also results from the fact that different investigative approaches, which depend on the question being asked and on the perspective of the investi gator, can influence the outcome of the investigation. Given these complexities, I believe that the key to interpreting photoperiodic and circadian responses is their ecological value. Notwithstanding the interest of timing mechanisms or their parts and of specific responses, daily rhythms and seasonal timing are best understood through the essential context provided by the ecological demands on the actual organisms under study.

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Section: Clocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying insect photoperiodism and rhythmicity: Components, approaches and lessons

Danks¹

2003

Eur. J. Entomol.

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“…1). Triacylglycerols, the preferred energetic material, comprised 24.5% of the lipid pool, a proportion that corresponds to the composition of the lipid fraction in honeybee haemolymph (Mikulecky and Bounias, 1997). Our preliminary analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography revealed the presence of acids with chain lengths of C12 to C24 in the lipids of the mite (unpublished data), with compositions similar to those of fatty acids from honeybee larvae (Van der Vorst et al, 1983).…”

Section: Ch Tg Cr Pe Pc Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…It is known that the steroid content of A. mellifera depends on diet, which mainly consists of pollen (Szczęsna, 2006). The haemolymph steroid content of worker honeybees ranges from 0.1 nmol/mg to 0.5 nmol/mg during the lunar cycle (Mikulecky and Bounias, 1997). Based on the cholesterol content measured here, we calculate that V. destructor accumulates ~3.6 nmol cholesterol/100 mg of body weight.…”

Section: Ch Tg Cr Pe Pc Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

The body composition and enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism of Varroa destructor

Łopieńska–Biernat¹,

Dmitryjuk²,

Zaobidna³

et al. 2013

Journal of Apicultural Science

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A b s t r a c tThe aim of the present research was to determine the basic composition of the organic compounds present in extracts from Varroa destructor, a parasitic mite of the honeybee. The total protein content was 9.16 ± 0.82 mg/100 mg of body weight, lipid content was 9.81 ± 1.99 mg/100 mg, and carbohydrate content was 26.67 ± 4.52 mg/100 mg. The triacylglycerol content was 2.40 ± 0.86 mg/100 mg and the cholesterol content was 0.14 ± 0.02 mg/100 mg. Thin layer chromatography indicated that phospholipids comprised the major part of the lipid component; cephalins (78%), cerebrosides (16%), and lecithins (6%) were identified in the phospholipid pool. Glucose (23.6 ± 4.52 mg/100 mg) was the main carbohydrate, followed by glycogen (5.43 ± 1.23 mg/100 mg) and trehalose (0.35 ± 0.07 mg/100 mg). enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays detected two major glycogen metabolism enzymes, glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. among the enzymes metabolising disaccharides, maltase (24.7 ± 2.38 μmol/mg protein) and trehalase (14.81 ± 5.21 μmol/mg protein) presented the highest activity. saccharose and lactose were hydrolysed to a minor extent. These are the first measurements of the basic composition of the mite body. although these data are not exhaustive, they may serve as the basis for further research on the metabolism of V. destructor, particularly concerning lipid metabolism.

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“…It is worth of noting that when applying methods other than AMHS [ 1 , 3 , 6 ], pure hemolymph volume can be calculated indirectly, based on the volume of hemolymph thinner in a tube before sampling and the measured volume of hemolymph thinner after sampling. However, such a method can lead to additional error; therefore, some researchers use Hamilton syringes [ 16 ]. The AMHS avoids the expense and additional work (e.g., syringe de-clogging, disinfection, etc.)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Method for Quick and Easy Hemolymph Collection from Apidae Adults

et al. 2017

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Bio-analysis of insects is increasingly dependent on highly sensitive methods that require high quality biological material, such as hemolymph. However, it is difficult to collect fresh and uncontaminated hemolymph from adult bees since they are very active and have the potential to sting, and because hemolymph is rapidly melanized. Here we aimed to develop and test a quick and easy method for sterile and contamination-free hemolymph sampling from adult Apidae. Our novel antennae method for hemolymph sampling (AMHS), entailed the detachment of an antenna, followed by application of delicate pressure to the bee's abdomen. This resulted in the appearance of a drop of hemolymph at the base of the detached antenna, which was then aspirated using an automatic pipetter. Larger insect size corresponded to easier and faster hemolymph sampling, and to a greater sample volume. We obtained 80–100 μL of sterile non-melanized hemolymph in 1 minute from one Bombus terrestris worker, in 6 minutes from 10 Apis mellifera workers, and in 15 minutes from 18 Apis cerana workers (+/−0.5 minutes). Compared to the most popular method of hemolymph collection, in which hemolymph is sampled by puncturing the dorsal sinus of the thorax with a capillary (TCHS), significantly fewer bees were required to collect 80–100 μL hemolymph using our novel AMHS method. Moreover, the time required for hemolymph collection was significantly shorter using the AMHS compared to the TCHS, which protects the acquired hemolymph against melanization, thus providing the highest quality material for biological analysis.

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Worker honeybee hemolymph lipid composition and synodic lunar cycle periodicities

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Studying insect photoperiodism and rhythmicity: Components, approaches and lessons

Studying insect photoperiodism and rhythmicity: Components, approaches and lessons

The body composition and enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism of Varroa destructor

A New Method for Quick and Easy Hemolymph Collection from Apidae Adults

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