Estrutura do pericarpo e da semente de Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Anacardiaceae) com notas taxonômicas

Abstract

-(Pericarp and seed structure of Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Anacardiaceae) with taxonomic notes). Astronium graveolens is a treelike member of the family Anacardiaceae, spreading from Mexico to the south center of South America. The fruit is a pseudosamara with a uniseriate exocarp adherent to the endocarp. The mesocarp is parenchymatic and presents large secretory ducts associated with vascular bundle and arranged side by side, near to the endocarp. The parenchymatic endocarp is biserial, and the layer enveloping the locule is slightly radially elongated. The ovule is anatropous, unitegmic, and crassinucellate and has an evident dorsal raphe and a tanniniferous hypostase. It presents an apical-lateral insertion in the ovary and shows a placentary obturator. The testa which strongly adheres to the pericarp shows the cells of the inner epidermis with dense cytoplasm, indicative of an endotestal condition. The mature seed coat is formed from the remaining of the testa, funicle, raphe-chalaza region and hypostase, presenting two distinct regions: one is dark brown patch pachychalazal and other pale brown tegumentary. The embryo is axial investing.RESUMO -(Estrutura do pericarpo e da semente de Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Anacardiaceae) com notas taxonômi-cas). Astronium graveolens é um representante arbóreo da família Anacardiaceae que se distribui desde o México até o centro-sul da América do Sul. O fruto é uma pseudo-sâmara com exocarpo unisseriado, suberificado e aderido ao mesocarpo. O mesocarpo é parenquimático, com grandes canais secretores associados aos feixes vasculares e localizados próximos ao endocarpo. O endocarpo parenquimático é bisseriado, sendo a camada que reveste o lóculo ligeiramente alongada radialmente. O óvulo é anátropo, unitegumentado, crassinucelado, com rafe dorsal evidente e hipóstase tanífera; apresenta obturador placentário e está inserido em posição apical-lateral no fruto. A testa, fortemente adnata ao pericarpo, apresenta as células da epiderme interna pequenas e de conteúdo bastante denso, indicando uma condição endotestal. O envoltório na semente madura é formado por restos da testa, funículo, região rafe-calazal e hipóstase apresentando duas regiões distintas: uma paquicalazal de coloração marrom e outra tegumentar de coloração amarelo-clara. O embrião ocupa posição axial e é do tipo "investing".

Synergism between ozone and light stress: structural responses of polyphenols in a woody Brazilian species

“…In both cases, the other stresses acted in synergy with O 3 and increased the oxidative stress (Bussotti et al, 1998;Reig-Arminñana et al, 2004;Kivim€ aenp€ a€ a et al, 2014). This same pattern was reported during the oil-resin secretion process (terpenoids and polyphenols) from the epithelial cells in secretory ducts and cavities from Anacardiaceae species (Joel and Fahn, 1980b;Carmello-Guerreiro and Paoli, 2000;Machado and Carmello-Guerreiro, 2001;Lacchia and Carmello-Guerreiro, 2009). Altogether (Joel and Fahn, 1980a,b), the developmental process of these glands is predominantly schizolysigenous and occurs in cells originated from ground meristem (when glands are not associated with vascular initials).…”

“…The secretory ducts of Astronium graveolens produce an oil-resin exudate composed of polyphenols (Table 1) and terpenoids (Hern andez et al, 2013). These compounds are synthesized by epithelial cells that constitute the secretory ducts and are released into the lumen by the lysis of these same cells (holocrine secretion e Chen and Wiemer, 1984;Carmello-Guerreiro and Paoli, 2000;Silva et al, 2011). Regarding the phenolic fraction of this secretion, Joel and Fahn (1980a,b) described distinct aspects of the vacuolar content of epithelial cells of Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) along their ontogenesis, thus culminating in a dense aspect filling the vacuole at the last stage (prior to lysis).…”

Aspectos ultra-estruturais dos canais secretores em órgãos vegetativos e reprodutivos de Anacardiaceae

“…Canais estão descritos para os frutos de algumas espécies de Anacardiaceae (Harada 1937;Lozano 1986;von Teichman 1987;von Teichman & van Wyk 1991;Pienaar & von Teichman 1998;Carmello-Guerreiro & Paoli 2000;Carmello-Guerreiro & Paoli 2005) e cavidades já foram descritas para frutos de espécies do gênero Anacardium, para frutos de Protorhus namaquensis Spraque e Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Paula & Alves 1973;Paula & Heringer 1978;von Teichman & van Wyk 1994;Machado & CarmelloGuerreiro 2001). Oleorresina (Paula & Heringer 1978;Paula & Alves 1973) e resina (Joel & Fahn 1980c;Lozano 1986) foram caracterizados como produto de secreção dos canais e das cavidades dos frutos de algumas espécies de Anacardiaceae.…”

Pericarp ontogeny of Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae) reveals a secretory endocarp in young stage

“…They produce the same substances independent of the phase in which the fruit is. In Anacardiaceae several studies have mentioned the presence of resiniferous ducts in fruits, always associated with vascular bundles (Von-Teichman 1987;1990;Wannan & Quinn 1990;Von-Teichman & Van-Wyk 1993;1994;1996;Carmello-Guerreiro & Paoli 2000;Machado & Carmello-Guerreiro 2001;González & Vesprini 2010). This is a constant feature for the family, regardless of the tribe to which the species belong.…”

“…Secretory structures are quite common in fruits of Anacardiaceae (Von-Teichman 1987;Wannan & Quinn 1990;Carmello-Guerreiro & Paoli 2000;2002;Machado & Carmello-Guerreiro 2001;Lacchia & Carmello-Guerreiro 2009;González & Vesprini 2010). The most frequent structures are the ducts and cavities, both of which may produce resin, gum or a mixture of substances (Venning 1948;Metcalfe & Chalk 1950;Lacchia & Carmello-Guerreiro 2009).…”