Fungal succession on leaves of Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Muell. Arg. submerged in a stream of an Atlantic Rainforest in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

Leaves of Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Muell. Arg. were submerged in a stream in an Atlantic Rainforest in São Paulo state, Brazil, from July/1988 to June/1989 and from July/1989 to May/1990. Fungi were isolated by the leaf disks washing technique followed by plating on culture media and also by using baiting techniques (using substrates with chitin, keratin and cellulose), what resulted on 565 fungal registers corresponding to 81 taxa. The most common species found during this study of the fungal succession were Trichoderma viride Pers. ex S.F. Gray and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht emend. Snyd. &amp; Hans. (23 registers), Penicillium hirsutum Dierckx (21 registers), Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel &amp; Wollenw. emend. Snyd. &amp; Hans. (17), followed by 14 registers of: Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan, Triscelophorus monosporus Ingold and Polychytrium aggregatum Ajello. Although the monthly obtained mycota had been composed by species of different taxonomic groups, the fungal succession was defined by the initial presence of typical terrestrial leaf inhabiting fungi (mostly Deuteromycotina), followed by species of Mastigomycotina and Zygomycotina. Combining culture methods and baiting techniques, it was possible to verify the presence of terrestrial fungi on the decomposition of submerged leaves and the importance of zoosporic fungi in the fungal succession. This is the first paper about the fungal succession on the decomposition of leaves submerged in a lotic ecosystem in Brazil.<br>Folhas de Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Muell. Arg. foram submersas em um riacho na Mata Atlântica no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, de julho de 1988 a junho de 1989 e de julho de 1989 a maio de 1990. Os fungos foram isolados pela técnica de lavagem de discos de folhas seguida por plaqueamento em meio de cultura, bem como pela técnica de iscagem (utilizando substratos com quitina, queratina e celulose), resultando em 565 registros de ocorrências de fungos, distribuídos em 81 táxons. Os fungos mais comuns durante a sucessão foram Trichoderma viride Pers. ex S.F. Gray e Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht emend. Snyd. &amp; Hans. (23 registros), Penicillium hirsutum Dierckx (21 registros), Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel &amp; Wollenw. emend. Snyd. &amp; Hans. (17), seguidos por 14 registros de Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan, Triscelophorus monosporus Ingold e Polychytrium aggregatum Ajello. Embora a micota obtida mensalmente tenha sido composta por espécies de diferentes grupos taxonômicos, a sucessão fúngica foi definida pela presença inicial de fungos habitantes de folhas, tipicamente terrestres (na maioria Deuteromycotina), seguida por espécies de Mastigomycotina e Zygomycotina. Combinando métodos de cultivo e técnicas de iscagem, foi possível verificar a presença de fungos terrestres na decomposição de folhas submersas e a importância dos fungos zoospóricos na sucessão fúngica. Este é o primeiro trabalho sobre sucessão fúngica durante a decomposição de folhas submersas em ambiente lótico no Brasil

Fungos conidiais associados ao folhedo de Clusia melchiorii Gleason e C. nemorosa G. Mey. (Clusiaceae) em fragmento de Mata Atlântica, BA, Brasil

“…O predomínio de hifomicetos no folhedo foi observado em pesquisas realizadas no Brasil (Maia 1983;Schoenlein-Crusius & Milanez 1998;Wellbaum et al 1999;Gusmão et al 2001) e em outros países: Porto Rico (Polishook et al 1996), Austrália (Parungao et al 2002) e Costa Rica (Bills & Polishook 1994).…”

Microscopic fungi in the Atlantic Rainforest in Cubatão, São Paulo, Brazil

“…In the same area, an evaluation of diversity of a soil submitted to high quantities of bird's excrements yielded seven zoosporic fungi, 22 anamorphs, 19 Mucorales and one Ascomycota (41,60). In the preserved forest of the "Reserva Biológica de Paranapiacaba" the study of the fungal succession on Alchornea triplinervia leaves in the terrestrial and aquatic environments resulted in the isolation of 20 zoosporic fungi, 82 anamorphs, 20 Mucorales and eight Ascomycota, a total of 123 fungal taxa (55)(56)(57)(58). Comparison of the aquatic mycota on submerged leaves of Ficus microcarpa L. f., Quercus robur L. and Alchornea triplinervia in a same stream, permitted the observation of 20 zoosporic fungi and 11 aquatic Hyphomycetes (59).…”

“…In the State of São Paulo, the diversity of several groups of fungi is better known because surveys have been done in terrestrial and aquatic environments in some preserved or less affected Atlantic Rainforest in protected areas such as "Reserva Biológica de Paranapiacaba" (1,19,23,25,(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)69), "Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso" (66,67,68,71,72) and "Estação Ecológica da Juréia-Itatins" (2,12,22,42), but also in regions relatively close (10 to 20km) to the center of the city of São Paulo, such as "Represa do Guarapiranga" (14,32,50,51,75) and "Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga", where the Botanical Institute of São Paulo is located (16,17,20,24,(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(44)(45)(46)54,70,73).…”

The diversity of aquatic Hyphomycetes in South America

“…In the "Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba", municipality of Santo André, many species of aquatic Hyphomycetes were observed during the fungal succession on decomposing submerged leaves of A. triplinervia (51). In the same region, the mycota associated with leaves of Ficus microcarpa, Alchornea triplinervia and Quercus robur were compared, evaluating the diversity (53), the methods for fungal quantification to express the colonization intensity (45) and the correlation between fungal diversity (zoosporic fungi and aquatic Hyphomycetes) and macro and microelements during the decomposition (54,55).…”

“…It has been observed that some typical geofungi isolated from such areas, like Epicoccum nigrum Link and Trichoderma viride Rifai are able to produce spores in submerged cultures (51). Beltrania, Camposporium, Chaetendophragmia, Cladosporium, Cryptophiale, Dactylella, Dictyochaeta, Kionochaeta, Phaeoisaria, Subulispora, Tetraploa and other well-known terrestrial genera of Hyphomycetes are usually found on submerged litter as "facultative aquatic fungi" (21).…”