Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery in silver fox (Vulpes vulpes)

Strategies of vascularization of the ethmoid labyrinth in selected even‐toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) and carnivores (Carnivora)

“…The observations in the field of blood supply to the brain, and consequently to the internal ethmoid artery, observed in our study coincide with those in the available literature on Caniformia (Depedrini & Campos, 2003; Frąckowiak, 2003; Frąckowiak & Zawidzka, 1990; Skoczylas et al, 2016; Tanuma, 1981; Wiland, 1967, 1991), Feliformia (Frąckowiak & Godynicki, 2003; Hsieh & Takemura, 1994; Klein, 1980; Takemura, 1982), Suiformes (Godynicki & Frackowiak, 1982; Jabłoński et al, 1989), Ruminantia (Frąckowiak et al, 2014; Frąckowiak & Jakubowski, 2008; Kiełtyka‐Kurc et al, 2015; König, 1979; Skoczylas et al, 2011; Zdun et al, 2013, 2019), Tylopoda (Al Aiyan et al, 2019; Kanan, 1970; Kiełtyka‐Kurc et al, 2014). The authors cited above confirm the presence of the internal carotid artery in Caniformia and Tylopoda throughout life.…”

Arterial Circle of the Brain of the Red-Necked Wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus)

“…In the analyzed species, there is a strong internal carotid artery, the main blood source for the brain. Similar observations have been made in the representatives of the Carnivora: domestic dog [ 17 , 18 ], dingo, arctic fox, red fox, pale fox [ 19 ], and silver fox [ 20 , 21 ]; Perissodactyla : horse [ 17 , 22 ], Przewalski’s horse, Grévy’s zebra, Grant’s zebra, Mongolian khulan, donkey, and South American tapir [ 22 ]; lagomorphs: European rabbit [ 23 ] and European brown hare [ 24 ]; as well as Old and New World camels: Bactrian camel, guanaco, lama [ 25 ], and dromedary camel [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Among rodents, only some of the described species were found to have an internal carotid artery: agouti [ 28 ], Mongolian gerbil [ 29 ], European beaver [ 30 ], Egyptian spiny mouse [ 31 ], and rat [ 32 ].…”

“…In some individuals, the division of the middle cerebral artery occurred in the dorsally located point, while in others there was found a double middle cerebral artery [ 38 , 39 ]. The dorsal temporal branch was the strongest in the sheep, polar fox, and silver fox [ 21 , 37 , 40 ].…”

“…The caudal cerebral artery in the carnivores, domestic dog [ 17 , 18 ], dingo, arctic fox, red fox, pale fox [ 19 ], and silver fox [ 20 , 21 ]; in Perissodactyla , horse [ 17 , 18 ], Przewalski’s horse, Grévy’s zebra, Grant’s zebra, Mongolian khulan, donkey, and South American tapir [ 22 ]; in lagomorphs, European rabbit [ 23 ] and European brown hare [ 24 ]; and even-toed ungulates, Bactrian camel, guanaco, lama [ 25 ], dromedary camel [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], domestic cattle, banteng, yak, American bison, and European bison [ 46 ], branched off from the caudal communicating arteries. In the red-necked wallaby, in most cases, this vessel branched off from the internal carotid artery.…”

Anatomical variations in the cerebral arterial circle of the Saimaa (Pusa hispida saimensis) and Baltic ringed seals (Pusa hispida botnica)

“…The formation and arterial supply of the cerebral arterial circle of ringed seals was essentially the same as in other studied carnivores (e.g., seals, dogs, and bears; Anderson et al, 1989a; Bugge, 1978; Nickel & Schwarz, 1963). The arterial supply of the cerebral arterial circle in members of the Felidae differs from that of other carnivores because, in adult felids and some other representatives of the order Carnivora, the extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery is regressed (Baker & Hayward, 1967; Bugge, 1978; Frąckowiak & Godynicki, 2003; Hsieh & Takemura, 1994; Skoczylas et al, 2016; Ziemak et al, 2021; see however Nickel & Schwarz, 1963). Of other intracranial differences, the accessory middle cerebellar arteries reported to arise from the basilar artery rostral to the origin of the caudal cerebellar arteries in bears (Anderson et al, 1989a) did not occur in any of the ringed seals of this study (and are not recognized by ICVGAN [2017]).…”