Rugosidade da superfície de um Cambissolo Húmico relacionada com o preparo e compactação do solo sob chuva natural

Sobrinho

et al. 2015

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Surface roughness of the soil is formed by mechanical tillage and is also influenced by the kind and amount of plant residue, among other factors. Its persistence over time mainly depends on the fundamental characteristics of rain and soil type. However, few studies have been developed to evaluate these factors in Latossolos (Oxisols). In this study, we evaluated the effect of soil tillage and of amounts of plant residue on surface roughness of an Oxisol under simulated rain. Treatments consisted of the combination of the tillage systems of no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), and minimum tillage (MT) with rates of plant residue of 0, 1, and 2 Mg ha -1 of oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) and 0, 3, and 6 Mg ha -1 of maize (Zea mays L.). Seven simulated rains were applied on each experimental plot, with intensity of 60±2 mm h -1 and duration of 1 h at weekly intervals. The values of the random roughness index ranged from 2.94 to 17.71 mm in oats, and from 5.91 to 20.37 mm in maize, showing that CT and MT are effective in increasing soil surface roughness. It was seen that soil tillage operations carried out with the chisel plow and the leveling disk harrow are more effective in increasing soil roughness than those carried out with the heavy disk harrow and leveling disk harrow. The roughness index of the soil surface decreases exponentially with the increase in the rainfall volume applied under conditions of no tillage without soil cover, conventional tillage, and minimum tillage. The oat and maize crop residue present on the soil surface is effective in maintaining the roughness of the soil surface under no-tillage.

Section: Effect Of Rain On Surface Roughnesssupporting

confidence: 74%

Effect of Soil Tillage and Plant Residue on Surface Roughness of an Oxisol Under Simulated Rain

Panachuki

Sobrinho

et al. 2015

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“…Lime and fertilizers, in their various quantities and application forms, are part of the soil management and therefore play an important role in the erosion of the soil by water because of the influence they have on plant biomass production. In the no-tillage system, the type and amount of biomass produced by the crops (Bezerra et al, 2006;Costa et al, 2008) influences the surface characteristics such as cover (Bertol et al, 1997) and roughness (Corrêa et al, 2012), and the sub-surface characteristics, such as density and porosity (Andrade et al, 2010), among other aspects. Thus, larger amounts of fertilizers applied to the soil provide greater production of crop mass and, thus, lower water erosion (Seixas, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil water erosion under different cultivation systems and different fertilization rates and forms over 10 years

Barbosa

Mafra

et al. 2014

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SUMMARYThe action of rain and surface runoff together are the active agents of water erosion, and further influences are the soil type, terrain, soil cover, soil management, and conservation practices. Soil water erosion is low in the no-tillage management system, being influenced by the amount and form of lime and fertilizer application to the soil, among other factors. The aim was to evaluate the effect of the form of liming, the quantity and management of fertilizer application on the soil and water losses by erosion under natural rainfall. The study was carried out between 2003 and 2013 on a Humic Dystrupept soil, with the following treatments: T1 -cultivation with liming and corrective fertilizer incorporated into the soil in the first year, and with 100 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T2 -surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over five years, and with 75 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T3 -surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over three years, and with 50 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T4 -surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over two years, and with 25 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T5 -fallow soil, without liming or fertilization. In the rotation the crops black oat (Avena strigosa), soybean (Glycine max), common vetch (Vicia sativa), maize (Zea mays), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus), and black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). The split application of lime and mineral fertilizer to the soil surface in a no-tillage system over three and five years, results in better control of soil losses than when split in two years. The increase in the amount of fertilizer applied to the soil surface under no-tillage cultivation increases phytomass production and reduces soil loss by water erosion. Water losses in treatments under no-tillage cultivation were low in all crop cycles, with a similar behavior as soil losses.Index terms: crop mass, water loss, soil loss, natural rainfall.( RESUMO: EROSÃO HÍDRICA EM SOLO SUBMETIDO A DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE CULTIVO, DOSES E FORMAS DE ADUBAÇÃO, DURANTE 10 ANOSA chuva e o escoamento superficial, associados, são os agentes ativos na erosão hídrica, a qual é influenciada ainda pelo tipo de solo, relevo, cobertura e manejo do solo e práticas conservacionistas. A semeadura direta é um sistema de manejo que apresenta baixa erosão hídrica, sendo influenciada pela quantidade e forma de aplicação de corretivos e adubos no solo, entre outros fatores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da forma de aplicação de calcário, da quantidade e do manejo de aplicação de adubos sobre as perdas de solo e água por erosão hídrica, sob chuva natural. Este trabalho foi conduzido entre 2003 e 2013 em um Cambissolo Húmico, com os seguintes tratamentos: T1 -cultivo com calagem e adubação corretiva incorporada ao solo no 1º ano e com 100 % de adubação de reposição anual de P e K; T2 -cultivo com calagem e adubação corretiva parcelada em cinco anos em superfície e com 75 % da adubação...

“…As leituras foram feitas em um local, intermediário na parcela, onde foram cravadas estacas de madeira no solo para servir de suporte ao rugosímetro, de modo que as leituras eram feitas sempre no mesmo local e com o rugosímetro sempre na mesma altura em relação ao nível do terreno, utilizando-se um rugosímetro de varetas, conforme descrito por Correa et al (2012). Esse método baseiase no registro fotográfico de um conjunto de 20 varetas, dispostas em 20 posições.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

“…A rugosidade representa o enrugamento da superfície do solo, sendo caracterizada pelo conjunto das microelevações e microdepressões do terreno, espacialmente distribuídas (Correa et al, 2012). O preparo do solo por meio de implementos agrícolas é a forma mais rápida e prática de se alterar a rugosidade superficial por causa do revolvimento e consequente afrouxamento do solo pela mobilização mecânica.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Influência das condições de superfície e do cultivo do solo na erosão hídrica em um cambissolo húmico

Ramos

Barbosa

et al. 2014

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RESUMOA cobertura do solo por resíduos culturais dissipa a energia cinética das gotas de chuva, enquanto a rugosidade superficial dissipa a energia cinética da enxurrada; por isso, ambas armazenam água e retêm sedimentos na superfície, diminuindo a erosão hídrica. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a persistência e a influência dos resíduos culturais e da rugosidade superficial em solo cultivado nas perdas de solo e água, comparando ao solo sem cultivo e descoberto, nos seguintes tratamentos: solo cultivado -coberto por resíduos de azevém