Males of Nectarinella Bequaert (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae)

Revision and cladistic analysis of the eumenine wasp genusPseudodynerusde Saussure (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae)

“…Measurements were taken from type material and are presented in millimetres. Terminology for external morphology follows Carpenter & Marques (2001) and that for male genitalia follows Carpenter & Mateus (2004). Abbreviations used are: FWL, forewing length, measured from the middle of the tegula to the apex; ABL, approximate body length; MHW, maximum head width; HH, head height, measured from the vertex to the apex of clypeus; CW, clypeus width; CH, clypeus height.…”

A Phylogenetic Approach to the Neotropical Social Wasp Genus Leipomeles Möbius, 1856 (Vespidae: Epiponini), with a New Identification Key

“…In cladistic analyses (Carpenter, 1991; Wenzel and Carpenter, 1994) Leipomeles and Marimbonda were placed as sister groups. Later, Carpenter (2004) synonymized Leipomeles with Marimbonda based on morphological characteristics, like reduction in the palpal formula to 5:3, mesepisternum without dorsal groove and first metasomal segment conically petiolate, as well as nest architecture.…”

A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Social Wasp GenusBrachygastraPerty, 1833, and Description of a New Species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)

“…Pickett and Wenzel (2007;figs. 12, 13) in their phylogeny coded the paramere spine with setae absent for only two species (Apoica pallida and A. strigata); however, their state "setae present" seems to refer to setae that are short and sparse, as also found in Parachartergus (see Carpenter and mateus, 2004;Andena et al, 2007). The known males of Pseudopolybia (P. difficilis, P. compressa, and P. vespiceps) show long and dense hairs that are, probably, a synapomorphy of the genus.…”

“…As the species of Brachygastra lack this feature this genus would fall into group 1, but as already pointed out by Carpenter and mateus (2004) and Andena et al (2007) these groups should be abandoned, because they are unnatural. The character "aedeagus serrate beneath" is found in the basal groups of Epiponini; therefore, the state "not serrate beneath" is a derived condition.…”

“…naumann (1968) pointed out that the apex of the paramere of B. baccalaurea is blunt, not truncate; however, we did not have this species on hand to confirm it. Carpenter and mateus (2004) and Andena et al (2007) studied some species of basal clades of Epiponini and pointed out that the apical angle is homoplastic at the generic level.…”