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doi:10.1590/s0074-02762012000100022

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“…For instance, it has been conclusively shown that PTMs, especially acetylations and methylations, and the propagation of heterochromatin away from the telomeres control the transcriptional switching between VAR genes that will trigger antigenic variation and enable immune evasion by the parasite, Plasmodium falciparum (Freitas-Junior et al, 2005; Chookajorn et al, 2007; Malmquist et al, 2012; Jiang et al, 2013). In Schistosoma mansoni , N-ChIP-seq experiments have been successfully performed to compare chromatin structure at different stages of the parasite life cycle, on different strains and on different sexes (Caby and Pierce, 2009; Cosseau et al, 2009; Lepesant et al, 2011, 2012). These advances in understanding S. mansoni epigenetic regulation have lead to the identification of promising new targets for the development of new drug to combat schistosomiasis (Pierce et al, 2012; Lancelot et al, 2013; Marek et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

Elucidating the molecular bases of epigenetic inheritance in non-model invertebrates: the case of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

et al. 2014

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Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are biotrophic plant parasites that exhibit different life cycles and reproduction modes, ranging from classical amphimixis to obligatory mitotic parthenogenesis (apomixis), depending on the species. Meloidogyne incognita, an apomictic species, exhibits a worldwide distribution and a wide host range affecting more than 3000 plant species. Furthermore, evidences suggest that apomixis does not prevent M. incognita from adapting to its environment in contrast to what is expected from mitotic parthenogenesis that should theoretically produce clonal progenies. This raises questions about mechanisms of genome plasticity leading to genetic variation and adaptive evolution in apomictic animals. We reasoned that epigenetic mechanisms might in part be responsible for the generation of phenotypic variants that provide potential for rapid adaptation. We established therefore a pipeline to investigate the principal carriers of epigenetic information, DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications. Even if M. incognita possesses the epigenetic machinery i.e., chromatin modifying enzymes, 5-methyl-cytosine and 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine content is absent or very weak. In contrast, we demonstrated that the canonical histone modifications are present and chromatin shows typical nucleosome structure. This work is the first characterization of carriers of epigenetic information in M. incognita and constitutes a preamble to further investigate if M. incognita development and its adaptation to plant hosts are under epigenetic control. Our pipeline should allow performing similar types of studies in any non-model organism.

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