Human rhinovirus in the lower respiratory tract infections of young children and the possible involvement of a secondary respiratory viral agent

Paula, Nayhanne Tizzo de; Carneiro, Bruno Moreira; Yokosawa, Jonny; Freitas, Guilherme Ramos Oliveira e; Oliveira, Thelma Fátima de Mattos Silva; Costa, L. C.; Silveira, Hélio Lopes da; Queiróz, Divina Aparecida Oliveira

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762011000300010

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…We used two methods of detection, PCR for influenza viruses and cell culture for all other viruses (including influenza virus), perhaps allowing for higher identification proportions of influenza and most likely underestimating the number of secondary infections. However, we did not observe more severe symptoms in patients with another respiratory virus identified, a finding that is consistent with what has been reported previously [23]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Although differences in subject recruitment strategies prevent exact comparison between our studies and others, our HRV detection proportions are similar to pediatric respiratory disease studies from North America and Asia which had proportions that varied between 7.7% and 17.4% [7,17,35]. In South America, three separate studies from Brazil observed HRV detection proportions with a broader range, 15.9% to 46.7%, in children with ARI [22,23,25]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…A second virus was detected in approximately 11% of HRV-positive samples, much lower than a rate (37%) reported by others [23]. We used two methods of detection, PCR for influenza viruses and cell culture for all other viruses (including influenza virus), perhaps allowing for higher identification proportions of influenza and most likely underestimating the number of secondary infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses in influenza-like illness in Latin America

Garcia

Espejo

Nelson

et al. 2013

Virol J

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BackgroundHuman rhinoviruses (HRVs) belong to the Picornaviridae family with high similarity to human enteroviruses (HEVs). Limited data is available from Latin America regarding the clinical presentation and strains of these viruses in respiratory disease.MethodsWe collected nasopharyngeal swabs at clinics located in eight Latin American countries from 3,375 subjects aged 25 years or younger who presented with influenza-like illness.ResultsOur subjects had a median age of 3 years and a 1.2:1.0 male:female ratio. HRV was identified in 16% and HEV was identified in 3%. HRVs accounted for a higher frequency of isolates in those of younger age, in particular children < 1 years old. HRV-C accounted for 38% of all HRVs detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high proportion of recombinant strains between HRV-A/HRV-C and between HEV-A/HEV-B. In addition, both EV-D68 and EV-A71 were identified.ConclusionsIn Latin America as in other regions, HRVs and HEVs account for a substantial proportion of respiratory viruses identified in young people with ILI, a finding that provides additional support for the development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines targeting these pathogens.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses in influenza-like illness in Latin America

Garcia

Espejo

Nelson

et al. 2013

Virol J

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“…Moreover, specimens were recovered from the infants in the absence of respiratory symptoms. Although some reports suggest a link between multiple infections and increased severity of clinical symptoms (5,8), a clear correlation between respiratory viral co-infection and disease severity was not observed in the present study, which is in agreement with a previous report by Paula et al (11). The unique clinical manifestations associated with a particular respiratory viral infection or co-infection profile could also not be identified.…”

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confidence: 86%

Longitudinal Study on Respiratory Viral Co-Infections in the Presence or Absence of Clinical Manifestation in Infants Aged 0–2 Years

et al. 2014

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SUMMARY:We conducted a long-term follow-up study between December 2005 and February 2007 on 4 immunocompetent infants, who repeatedly presented with respiratory symptoms, using PCR-based techniques targeting 14 viruses related to acute respiratory tract infection. Of 38 specimens, 30 were collected from symptomatic infants and 8 were collected when respiratory symptoms were absent. Overall, one or more respiratory viruses were detected in 94.7z (36/38) of the specimens. Of the 36 PCR-positive specimens, 77.8z (28/36) were positive for more than one virus. Most of these co-infections were double infections (55.6z or 20/36). Of note, co-infections with 4 and 3 viruses were observed in 3 (8.3z or 3/36) and 5 (13.9z or 5/36) specimens, respectively. Of the 8 specimens collected from the 4 infants when apparent respiratory symptoms were absent, 7 (87.5z) were positive for respiratory viruses. Respiratory viral co-infections were also frequent and found in 5 of the specimens (62.5z). However, apparent correlation between disease severity and co-infection was undetectable due to the limit of the number of cases studied. Taken together, this longitudinal study revealed that respiratory viral co-infections were not infrequent in infants aged 0-2 years, regardless of the presence of respiratory symptoms (62.5-77.8z).

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“…By doing this, we attempted to decrease bias caused by factors that may have affected the results reported previously, including ours. 7,9,14,25 By performing multivariate analysis, we found that coinfections were associated with greater disease severity in comparison with HRV single infections. However, this association resulted mainly from the presence of RSV in the coinfections, because removal of RSV cases from the coinfection group revealed that the severity and frequency of clinical symptoms were similar to those in HRV single infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Human Rhinovirus and Disease Severity in Children

Costa¹,

Queiróz²,

Silveira

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Human rhinovirus has been known as the common cold agent. Recently, studies have reported that this virus is responsible for severe infections of the lower respiratory tract in children. Reports of factors that increase disease severity have been contradictory. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study identifies some of the factors involved in disease severity in HRV infections in children. We expect that children at risk for developing severe disease could be identified sooner and appropriate measures could be taken. abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate retrospectively human rhinovirus (HRV) infections in children up to 5 years old and factors involved in disease severity.METHODS: Nasopharyngeal aspirates from 434 children presenting a broad range of respiratory infection symptoms and severity degrees were tested for presence of HRV and 8 other respiratory viruses. Presence of host risk factors was also assessed.RESULTS: HRV was detected in 181 (41.7%) samples, in 107 of them as the only agent and in 74 as coinfections, mostly with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 43.2%). Moderate to severe symptoms were observed in 28.9% (31/107) single infections and in 51.3% (38/74) coinfections (P = .004). Multivariate analyses showed association of coinfections with lower respiratory tract symptoms and some parameters of disease severity, such as hospitalization. In coinfections, RSV was the most important virus associated with severe disease. Prematurity, cardiomyopathies, and noninfectious respiratory diseases were comorbidities that also were associated with disease severity (P = .007).CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that HRV was a common pathogen of respiratory disease in children and was also involved in severe cases, causing symptoms of the lower respiratory tract. Severe disease in HRV infections were caused mainly by presence of RSV in coinfections, prematurity, congenital heart disease, and noninfectious respiratory disease. Pediatrics 2014;133:e312-e321 AUTHORS:

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Human rhinovirus in the lower respiratory tract infections of young children and the possible involvement of a secondary respiratory viral agent

Abstract: Human rhinoviruses (HRV)

Cited by 15 publications

References 43 publications

Human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses in influenza-like illness in Latin America

Human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses in influenza-like illness in Latin America

Longitudinal Study on Respiratory Viral Co-Infections in the Presence or Absence of Clinical Manifestation in Infants Aged 0–2 Years

Human Rhinovirus and Disease Severity in Children

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Human rhinovirus in the lower respiratory tract infections of young children and the possible involvement of a secondary respiratory viral agent

Abstract: Human rhinoviruses (HRV)

Cited by 15 publications

References 43 publications

Human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses in influenza-like illness in Latin America

Human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses in influenza-like illness in Latin America

Longitudinal Study on Respiratory Viral Co-Infections in the Presence or Absence of Clinical Manifestation in Infants Aged 0&ndash;2 Years

Human Rhinovirus and Disease Severity in Children

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Product

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Longitudinal Study on Respiratory Viral Co-Infections in the Presence or Absence of Clinical Manifestation in Infants Aged 0–2 Years