Inflammatory effects of snake venom metalloproteinases

Teixeira, Catarina; Fernandes, C.M.; Zuliani, Juliana Pavan; Zamunér, Stella Regina

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762005000900031

Cited by 84 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…The mechanism of edema formation is very complex and is either due to the direct effect of venom components in the microvasculature, with the consequent extravasations or due to the generation/release of many inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, nitric oxide, kinins, and histamines. In addition to myotoxic PLA 2 s, hyaluronidases and SVMPs activities are also found to increase vascular permeability by softening the tissue and generating pro-inflammatory end products [13,18,[40][41][42]. Several non-enzymatic toxins from various venoms have also been shown to cause the edema [18].…”

Section: Local Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Overlooked Issues of Snakebite Management: Time for Strategic Approach

Girish

Kemparaju

2011

CTMC

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Snakebite is a medical emergency in many parts of the world, particularly in the temperate regions. According to 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, there are about 5 million snakebite incidences resulting in 2.5 million envenoming, and 125,000 deaths occur annually. Most affected are the healthy individuals like children and farming populations with resource poor settings and away from health care centers in low-income countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. In view of this, the WHO has declared snakebite as an ignored health crisis and a tropical disease. Although the death rate has reduced markedly due to anti-venom regiment, several limitations of it offer scope for better understanding of various ignored issues. Currently, snakebite therapeutics facing plethora of scientific, technological and public health challenges, including secondary/long term complications that have not been given importance so far. Because of dearth of knowledge, venom researchers and medical practitioners from affected countries worldwide should join together to accomplish this scenario. In view of this, the present review provides a broader perspective on the possible production and application of highly effective therapeutic master anti-venom, designing master diagnostic kit and also to deal with the inefficacy of anti-venom therapy against local manifestations and secondary complications of snakebite. The review demands thorough understanding of venom pharmacology, inculcating new strategies to handle and to enhance the efficacy of snakebite management and urge the governing systems of affected countries to take steps to curtail accidental debilitation and death rate of healthy individuals due to snakebite.

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Section: Local Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Overlooked Issues of Snakebite Management: Time for Strategic Approach

Girish

Kemparaju

2011

CTMC

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“…injection and releasing important inflammatory mediators such as the eicosanoids PGD 2 , PGE 2 , TXA 2 , LTB 4 , the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and the chemokine CCL-2 [52]. These inflammatory effects are most commonly related to phospholipases A 2 and metalloproteinases [72,73], although other classes of enzymes may also contribute to these responses [49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory mediators involved in the paw edema and hyperalgesia induced by Batroxase, a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops atrox snake venom

Toni

Menaldo

Cintra

et al. 2015

International Immunopharmacology

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“…Similar to classical inflammatory events, these responses trigger vascular and cellular events, characterized by vascular alterations in caliber and blood flow, edema, cell migration from the microcirculation, and accumulation at the focus of the injury via chemotaxis and the activation of several inflammatory mediators. It was suggested that neutrophils play an important role in Bothrops local envenoming (Teixeira et al, 2005(Teixeira et al, , 2009) and that the leukocyte influx is modulated by thyroid hormones (Marino et al, 2006;De Vito et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%