Subclinical form of the American visceral leishmaniasis

Abstract

The subclinical form of visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

Novas evidências sobre o valor diagnóstico da reação de imunofluorescência indireta e reação intradérmica de hipersensibilidade tardia na infecção humana por Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi na Amazônia, Brasil

“…However, it is important to highlight that only the typical cases of AVL underwent conventional therapy with pentavalent antimony, as recommended by the Brazilian National 24 Program to Control AVL . The cases that presented a diagnosis of subclinical oligosymptomatic infection were followed for a period of up to three months to confirm spontaneous clinical resolution, as observed in another 14 study in Maranhão State, Brazil .…”

“…In Bahia State, the subclinical oligosymptomatic form (SOI) was detected in 6 60% of 86 infected children under the age of 15 . In Maranhão State, this form was diagnosed in 17.4% of 14 infected children in the same age group . We should stress, however, that in both cases the final diagnosis of disease (SOI) was based on clinical parameters and supported only by a serological test (ELISA).…”

“…However, these studies have been based mainly on i) the IgG antibody response (humoral response = susceptibility) or ii) the delayed hypersensitivity skin response (cellular immune response = resistance) of infected individuals. This has made it more difficult to gain a broader understanding of 7,14,19 the human immune response against infection . In other words, these studies have generally used either serological methods such as the immunoenzymatic ELISA assay or cellular immunity ones such as the delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test in order to obtain a diagnosis of Infection (III) .…”

Laboratory Monitoring of Individuals with Subclinical Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Infections in Southern Brazil

“…In subclinical CL infections, which are distinguished by the absence of a skin and/or mucosal lesion combined with positivity in PCR, serological and/or skin tests, it is difficult to predict the potential for disease progression, since the determinants of its evolution are not yet clearly defined [28]. Auto-resolution or host-parasite equilibrium may occur, which can result in disease progression if there is a decline in local or systemic immunity, which makes it important to monitor these individuals [29].…”

Diagnosing Neglected Tropical Diseases in HIV Coinfection

“…Classically, VL is characterized by splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, fever, and pancytopenia. 78,79 Tegumentary leishmaniasis presents distinct forms and the main ones are as follows: 1) localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by a simple or multiple ulcer, can be caused by all dermotropic Leishmania species; 2) disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by multiple small ulcers; 3) diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis is the anergic form of TL, characterized by multiple nodules or papules, generally presenting no ulceration; 4) mucosal leishmaniasis is mainly characterized by nasal involvement, presenting perforation or ulceration, which can also involve the palate and pharynx. 12 The spreading of HIV infection to rural areas and the urbanization of leishmaniasis has influenced the clinical progression and diagnosis of leishmaniasis.…”