Study of the antibody response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in Warao Amerindian children in Venezuela

Araujo, Zaida; Waard, Jacobus H. de; Larrea, Carlos Fernández de; López, Diana M.; Fandiño, Cecil; Maldonado, A; Hernández, Ernesto Sánchez; Ocana, Y.; Ortega, R.; Singh, Mahavir; Ottenhoff, Tom H. M.; Arend, Sandra M.; Convit, J

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762004000500011

Cited by 28 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…In the present study a major percentage of WP elicited saliva positive reactivity, anti-38kDa sIgA, as compared to the Creole people; these methods were not very sensitive, but highly specific. These findings correlate with previous results obtained in Warao children, where the anti-38kDa sIgA method showed high specificity and low sensitivity (Araujo et al 2004). Few studies have addressed anti-38kDa sIgA reactivity, although it has been reported to have sensitivity around 80% using the 38-kDa antigen to test sera samples instead of saliva (Young et al 1986, Uma et al 2001.…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

“…The sensitivities of the microscopic examination of sputum for acid-fast bacilli were statistically low in the WP and CP groups as compared to the combination methods. In a previous study conducted with Warao children, we found for anti-PPD IgG a low sensitivity of 38.2% and a high specificity of 95.8% (Araujo et al 2004). One report describes the high and low sensitivity of anti-PPD IgG test (Lyashchenko et al 1998); these different findings can be explained since it has been reported that serum IgG antibodies are produced against a variety of epitopes on the antigen surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Anti-PPD IgG, IgM and IgE tests -ELISA was performed for the measurement of antibodies (IgG, IgM and IgE) against PPD as previously reported (Araujo et al 2004). Briefly, the levels of anti-PPD IgG, IgM and IgE were determined in serum by an ELISA as follows.…”

Section: Patients Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reaction was developed by a chemiluminescent substrate, the results being recorded on film. Positive reactions to the different antigens are seen as small black squares on each strip.Anti-PPD IgG, IgM and IgE tests -ELISA was performed for the measurement of antibodies (IgG, IgM and IgE) against PPD as previously reported (Araujo et al 2004). Briefly, the levels of anti-PPD IgG, IgM and IgE were determined in serum by an ELISA as follows.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter correlates with the results reported on the commercial methods, which use recombinant mycobacterial antigens. These commercial methods available for TB serological diagnosis based on IgM reactivity show lower sensitivity rates for both adults and children than tests based on other antibody classes, although specificity has remained at elevated rates (Pottumarthy et al 2000, Imaz et al 2004.The anti-38kDa sIgA method was included in our study due to the fact that it provided an improvement in the diagnosis of TB in Warao children (Araujo et al 2004). A combination including anti-PPD IgG, IgE and anti-38kDa sIgA detected a larger number of child patients and allowed us to obtain a sensitivity level of 64.7% and a specificity of 81.8% (Araujo et al 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of serological responses in two different populations with pulmonary tuberculosis

Araujo

Giampietro

Cançado

et al. 2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Observational studies on the humoural immune responses of the Warao indigenous people from Delta Amacuro, an isolated area, were compared with urban residents of the Venezuelan capital. Mycobacterium tuberculosisspecific reactivities (IgM, IgE, sIgA, IgG and IgG subclasses) Key words: tuberculosis -Warao -Creole -IgG subclasses -purified protein derivative -diagnosis Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis needs to be improved, as it largely depends upon clinical examination and radiographic findings, mainly confirmed by sputum smear microscopy and bacterial culture (Murray et al. 1980). The latter requires a long cultivation period and diagnostic confirmation still relies on sputum smear examinations. Many alternative methodologies have been applied in TB diagnosis, such as western blot, microscopic observed direct sensitivity culture, PCR and cell-mediated immune response reactions (Moore et al. 2006, Negi et al. 2006. These methods require trained personnel and specific laboratory conditions, which hinder their implementation in many areas of high TB endemicity (mainly low-income countries) and field work application. On the other hand, there are other options that are currently under evaluation, including antibody detection by serology. While specific antibody detection by serology is under evaluation for a definitive demonstration that the humoural response can be used as a tool for the diagnosis of TB, future studies should be carried out in order to combine serological and cellular methods, such as T.SPOT-TB or Quantiferon Gold assay, which are considered to be approved tools. Regarding the immunodiagnosis of TB based on the T cell response to ESAT-6 and purified protein derivative (PPD) antigens, recently it has been reported that the IFN-γ assay using ESAT-6 as an antigenic stimulus has the potential to be used as a tool for the immunodiagnosis of early TB in children ( Van-Lume et al. 2008).The demand for a rapid, reliable, cost-effective and easy TB diagnostic tool focuses on antibody detection by serology (Bothamley 1995). It has been reported that the isotypic restriction of antibodies correlates with the biochemical nature of antigens; most antibodies against proteins are of IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes, while in those against carbohydrates IgG2 is over-represented (Chiang et al. 1997, Gupta et al. 2005. This is reflected in vivo where, for instance, antibody responses to viral proteins are mainly of the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses. In contrast, bacteria carbohydrates usually induce type 2 T-independent responses, mainly of the IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes. Several ELISA tests have been attempted and results have presented a large variability in their accuracy depending on the antigen employed (one alone or a pool) (Chiang et al. 1997, Gupta et al. 2005, the immunoglobulin (Ig) class, the subclass measured (Radin et al. 1983, Daniel & Debane 1987, Pottumarthy et al. 2000, Conde et al. 2004, Imaz et al. 2004 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain variation (Alde et al. 1989, Zheng et al. 1994, Raja et al. 2002. This indicate...

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supporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Patients Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of serological responses in two different populations with pulmonary tuberculosis

Araujo

Giampietro

Cançado

et al. 2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Humoral immune response against 38‐ and 16‐kDa mycobacterial antigens in childhood tuberculosis

Şenol¹,

Ecevıt

Öztürk

2009

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Several enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on mycobacterial antigens have been tried for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). In this study, the value of the 16 and 38‐kDa mycobacterial antigens in the diagnosis of TB was investigated in pediatric patients in Izmir, Turkey in whom they were found using clinical and/or bacteriological methods. A commercial ELISA kit was used for measuring IgG against 38 and 16‐kDa recombinant antigens. The humoral immune response was analyzed in a group of 32 TB patients (24 pulmonary, 3 lymphadenitis and 2 pleuritis, 2 meningitis and a disseminated TB) and in control groups consisting of 20 healthy children and 20 pulmonary diseases other than TB cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and the negative predictive value of the test were found to be 25%, 90%, 66.7%, and 60%, respectively, in the TB cases. The ELISA test shows very good specificity, but low level of sensitivity and negative predict value. It was thought that it might be used in combination with other methods to increase diagnostic accuracy, especially for culture‐negative TB pediatric cases, which are difficult to diagnose. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:839–844. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Helminthic Therapy: Using Worms to Treat Immune-Mediated Disease

Elliott

Weinstock

2009

Pathogen-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules

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There is an epidemic of immune-mediated disease in highly-developed industrialized countries. Such diseases, like inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and asthma increase in prevalence as populations adopt modern hygienic practices. These practices prevent exposure to parasitic worms (helminths). Epidemiologic studies suggest that people who carry helminths have less immune-mediated disease. Mice colonized with helminths are protected from disease in models ofcolitis, encephalitis, Type 1 diabetes and asthma. Clinical trials show that exposure to helminths reduce disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. This chapter reviews some of the work showing that colonization with helminths alters immune responses, against dysregulared inflammation. These helminth-host immune interactions have potentially important implications for the treatment of immune-mediated disea ses. Epidemiology ofImmune-Mediated Disease and WormsPathogens and parasites have evolved mechanisms to modulate or evade host immune responses. These adaptations permit survival of the invading organism. Our work extends this concept. We hypothesized that our immune systems are adapted "to expect" confrontations with other organisms and that loss of these confrontations permits immune dysfunction that can cause disease.' People living in highly-developed industrialized countries enjoy increasingly hygienic environments, which restricts exposure to infectious agents including helminths. We have focused on loss ofhelminth exposure as the major environmental change permitting the current epidemic of immune mediated disease.It is apparent that environmental change underlies the increasing prevalence of immune-mediated disease. Highly regulated immune responses protect us from pathogens and malignancy. However, when dysregulated or mis-targered, these immune responses produce inflammatory disease. Over the last 70 years, immune-mediated diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Type 1 (autoimrnune) diabetes (TID) and asthma have become common in industrialized highly developed countries but remain rare in less-developed countries. Patients with IBD have chronic inflammation of the small and/or large intestine that results in bleeding, ulceration, strictures and perforation. IBD was uncommon prior to the 1940s, but now affiicts more than 3 million people in the United States and Europe.' As countries develop economically, IBD in the population increases.P Patients with MS have immune-mediated inflammatory destruction of the central nervous system. MS shares the same geographical and temporal distribution with IBD 4 and as countries develop improved san itation, the prevalence ofMS increases.' Patients with Tl D have immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic l3-ce11s that make insulin . Like MS and IBD,

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Study of the antibody response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in Warao Amerindian children in Venezuela

Abstract: This study was aimed at investigating alternate methods for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis (TB),

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

Comparison of serological responses in two different populations with pulmonary tuberculosis

Comparison of serological responses in two different populations with pulmonary tuberculosis

Humoral immune response against 38‐ and 16‐kDa mycobacterial antigens in childhood tuberculosis

Helminthic Therapy: Using Worms to Treat Immune-Mediated Disease

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