The origin and dispersion of human parasitic diseases in the Old World (Africa, Europe and Madagascar)

Nozais, Jean Pierre

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762003000900004

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…They may have accidentally imported these human parasites from African coasts on the Indian Ocean (Dewar & Wright, 1993). In the same way, Indonesian sailors may have acquired and spread lymphatic filariosis of African origin (Nozais, 2003). The Malagasy language incorporates features of both Asian and African languages, providing support for the hypothesis of an influence of both continents on humans and their diseases in Madagascar (Dewar & Wright, 1993).…”

Section: Molecular Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular evidence of host influences on the evolution and spread of human tapeworms

Michelet

Dauga

2012

Biological Reviews

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The taeniasis/cysticercosis complex is included in the list of neglected zoonotic diseases by the World Health Organization due to its significant impact on public health in tropical areas. Cysticercosis is still endemic in many regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Long absent in Europe and in other developed countries, cysticercosis has recently re-emerged in the United States and Canada, due to immigration, travel and local transmission. This has encouraged the use of molecular data to understand better the influence of animal and human hosts on the emergence and spread of Taenia species. The increasing number of mitochondrial sequences now available from human tapeworms and recent advances in computational tools has enabled reconstruction of the biogeography and evolutionary history of these organisms. New molecular data have provided insights into the biogeography of T. solium, T. asiatica and T. saginata. A Bayesian statistical framework using variable evolutionary rates from lineage to lineage has allowed an improved timescale analysis of human tapeworms. The dates of divergence obtained were compared to the timing of evolutionary events in the history of their hosts, based on the hypothesis that Taenia spp. and their hosts share a common history. Herein, we review changes in the definitive and secondary hosts and human interactions that underlie the differentiation and evolution of tapeworms. Species diversification of Taenia seems to be closely linked with the evolution of intermediate hosts in response to climatic events during the Pleistocene. Different genotypes of T. solium emerged when European and Asian wild boar Sus spp. populations diverged. Taenia saginata emerged when wild cattle Bos primigenius evolved and when zebu Bos indicus and taurine Bos taurus ancestors separated. Humans through migrations and later with the development of farming and animal husbandry may have had a significant impact on the spread and diversification of tapeworms. Migrations of Homo erectus from Africa to Asia and later of Homo sapiens facilitated the diversification and dispersal of T. solium and T. saginata populations. The development of animal husbandry, making Sus scrofa and Bos taurus preferential intermediate hosts, led to the worldwide distribution of parasites. New molecular data combined with an innovative dating method allow us to explain the ways in which ancient human migrations promoted the emergence and spread of taeniasis and cysticercosis around the world. Another intriguing phenomenon explained better by our approach is the influence of human settlement on the spread of these parasites in recently inhabited areas. The diverse nature of T. solium currently observed in Madagascar may correspond to multiple imports of the parasite during Austronesian migrations, while in Mexico a recent influence of humans during the colonial period is more likely. Human activities, especially food preparation and husbandry methods, remain responsible for the transmission and persistence of these parasites.

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Section: Molecular Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular evidence of host influences on the evolution and spread of human tapeworms

Michelet

Dauga

2012

Biological Reviews

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“…Common infections, such as hantavirus infection in the Balkans [37] or leishmaniasis in the Middle East [38], can be expected to be represented in migrant communities originating from those areas. As the populations of new arrivals from these regions increases over the next decade, the incidence of infectious diseases common to those areas will correspondingly increase in destination countries related to primary, permanent movements or secondary movements associated with temporary stays [39].…”

Section: The Increasing Importance Of Migration In National Infectioumentioning

confidence: 99%

Globalization of Infectious Diseases: The Impact of Migration

Gushulak¹,

MacPherson

2004

Clinical Infectious Diseases

176

113

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With up to 2% of the world's population living outside of their country of birth, the potential impact of population mobility on health and on use of health services of migrant host nations is increasing in its importance. The drivers of mobility, the process of the international movement, and the back-and-forth transitioning between differential risk environments has significance for the management of infectious diseases in migrant receiving areas. The management issues are broad, high-level, and cross-cutting, including policy decisions on managing the migration process for skilled-labor requirements, population demographic and biometric characteristics, and family reunification; to program issues encompassing health care professional education, training, and maintenance of competence; communication of global events of public health significance; development of management guidelines, particularly for nonendemic diseases; access to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for exotic or rare clinical presentations; and monitoring of health service use and health outcomes in both the migrant and local populations.

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“…For example herders of sheep and goats may have been at higher risk of contracting hydatid disease, and farmers using dogs may have been at higher risk of contracting Toxocara (Nozais, 2003). In contrast, early farmers who used faecal waste to fertilise their crops may have been at higher risk of faecal-oral parasites such as roundworm and whipworm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The origins of human parasites: Exploring the evidence for endoparasitism throughout human evolution

Mitchell

2013

International Journal of Paleopathology

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The origin and dispersion of human parasitic diseases in the Old World (Africa, Europe and Madagascar)

Abstract: The ancestors of present-day man (Homo sapiens sapiens) appeared in East Africa some three and a half million years ago (Australopithecs), and then migrated to Europe, Asia, and later

Cited by 32 publications

References 3 publications

Molecular evidence of host influences on the evolution and spread of human tapeworms

Molecular evidence of host influences on the evolution and spread of human tapeworms

Globalization of Infectious Diseases: The Impact of Migration

The origins of human parasites: Exploring the evidence for endoparasitism throughout human evolution

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