Epidemiological and immunological aspects of human visceral leishmaniasis on Margarita Island, Venezuela

Zerpa, Olga; Ulrich, Marian; Benítez, M.G Draghi; Ávila, Concepción; Rodríguez, Vestalia; Centeno, M; Belizario, Doris; Reed, Steven G.; Convit, J

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762002000800002

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This conforms to the results of previous studies, showing high antibody titers to Leishmania donovani seven years after healing (14,25). Moreover, similar observations have been reported for recombinant K39-based ELISAs, (5,14) However, these techniques do not discriminate between active infection and past infection. An L. infantum infection may be associated with dermal lesions as well in susceptible individuals (children, inmunocompromised patients and others); sympatric transmission has been described (26)(27)(28).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Margarita Island is currently the most active focus. Unfortunately, a high percentage of affected people are children under four years old (5). Although direct detection of the parasite from patient samples is the optimum method for confirmation of visceral leishmaniasis, sampling is very uncomfortable for the patients, especially for young children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the period 1995-2003, 378 cases of human visceral leishmaniasis were reported in widely distributed foci. Seventy percent of these cases occured in children between 0-10 years of age; the 1-2 year-old age group was the most affected (4,5). One of the active areas of visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela is Margarita Island.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluación de una prueba de aglutinación directa como método alternativo para el diagnóstico de leishmaniasis visceral canina y humana en Venezuela

et al. 2007

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Introduction. Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe clinical form of leishmaniasis and is often fatal without proper treatment. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis is important, but often difficult in endemic areas. Objective. The aim was to evaluate a direct agglutination test as a potential visceral leishmaniasis diagnostic method in endemic areas of Venezuela Materials and methods. The performance of the direct agglutination test, based on freezedried Leishmania donovani antigen was evaluated under laboratory conditions using serum samples of humans and dogs from several Venezuelan visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas: Nueva Esparta (Margarita Island), Lara, Anzoátegui and Trujillo Status. The study included confirmed visceral leishmaniasis patients (n=30), visceral leishmaniasis suspected subjects (n=4), healthy controls (n=19) and patients with other confirmed diseases (n=20). In addition, 24 serum samples from dogs with confirmed visceral leishmaniasis and 18 healthy control dogs were tested. Results. All serum samples of visceral leishmaniasis patients, either active or recovered, were positive. They showed anti-L. donovani titers above 1:1600. Three out of four suspected visceral leishmaniasis cases were also positive, while serum samples from endemic controls and patients with other diseases had titers lower than 1:800. A sensitivity of 100% was obtained for all threshold levels under consideration and 100% specificity at the threshold titer of 1:800 (95% confidence interval: 91-100%). A 93% sensitivity (95% confidence interval: 76-99%) was observed in dog samples, with 100% specificity (95% confidence interval: 79-100%) at the threshold titer of 1:200. Conclusion. The direct agglutination test seems suitable for use in epidemiological studies and for serological diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis and canine visceral leishmaniasis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluación de una prueba de aglutinación directa como método alternativo para el diagnóstico de leishmaniasis visceral canina y humana en Venezuela

et al. 2007

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“…Aunque se considera que los perros de las áreas rurales son los más afectados, la infección se ha reportado en regiones urbanas y suburbanas de países como Brasil en las ciudades de Boa Vista, Santarém, Terezina, São Luis, Natal, Aracajú, Montes Claros, Belo horizonte, Araçuaí, Sabará, Perdões, Rio de Janeiro y Cuiabá así como en Venezuela en el área úrbana de Valencia en el estado de Carabobo y en la isla de Margarita (14,(29)(30)(31).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Seroprevalencia de leishmaniosis visceral canina en la comuna 8 de Neiva y en cuatro municipios de Huila, Colombia

Fernández¹,

Bello²,

López³

et al. 2012

biomedica

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“…22 In Venezuela, it occurs sporadically in almost every state of the country and shows low endemicity. 22,[26][27][28][29] Leishmania (V.) colombiensis was also shown to cause both cutaneous and visceral forms of the disease, and at least two distinct etiologic agents are present in Venezuela but not strictly in the GEC. 30 Cutaneous leishmaniases.…”

Section: American Visceral Leishmaniasis American Visceral Leishmanimentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of the Leishmania Species in the Guianan Ecoregion Complex

Rotureau

2006

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. In the Guianan ecoregion complex, at least seven Leishmania species belonging to both the L. (Leishmania) Saf' janova, 1982 and L. (Viannia) Lainson and Shaw, 1987 sub-genera are causative agents of American visceral leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and cutaneous leishmaniases, including localized and diffuse forms. They are mostly sylvatic species subjugated to their own specific Lutzomyia sand fly vectors and to particular wild mammalian reservoir hosts of the dense rain forest. Originally implicated strictly in wild zoonoses and developing in forested ecotopes, Leishmania show a particular adaptive plasticity to face environmental modifications following deforestation and anthropization. This review presents the different pathogenic complexes of these parasites, emphasizes their implication in human diseases, and considers the influence of humans on their ecology.

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Epidemiological and immunological aspects of human visceral leishmaniasis on Margarita Island, Venezuela

Abstract: Sixty-five patients were diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) on

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Evaluación de una prueba de aglutinación directa como método alternativo para el diagnóstico de leishmaniasis visceral canina y humana en Venezuela

Evaluación de una prueba de aglutinación directa como método alternativo para el diagnóstico de leishmaniasis visceral canina y humana en Venezuela

Seroprevalencia de leishmaniosis visceral canina en la comuna 8 de Neiva y en cuatro municipios de Huila, Colombia

Ecology of the Leishmania Species in the Guianan Ecoregion Complex

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