Anopheles halophylus, a new species of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil

BackgroundThe molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex: Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and the putative species Anopheles triannulatus C were investigated.MethodsThe mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear white gene and rDNA ITS2 of samples that include the known geographic distribution of these taxa were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference, Maximum parsimony and Maximum likelihood approaches.ResultsEach data set analyzed septely yielded a different topology but none provided evidence for the seption of An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C, consistent with the hypothesis that the two are undergoing incipient speciation. The phylogenetic analyses of the white gene found three main clades, whereas the statistical parsimony network detected only a single metapopulation of Anopheles triannulatus s.l. Seven COI lineages were detected by phylogenetic and network analysis. In contrast, the network, but not the phylogenetic analyses, strongly supported three ITS2 groups. Combined data analyses provided the best resolution of the trees, with two major clades, Amazonian (clade I) and trans-Andean + Amazon Delta (clade II). Clade I consists of multiple subclades: An. halophylus + An. triannulatus C; trans-Andean Venezuela; central Amazonia + central Bolivia; Atlantic coastal lowland; and Amazon delta. Clade II includes three subclades: Panama; cis-Andean Colombia; and cis-Venezuela. The Amazon delta specimens are in both clades, likely indicating local sympatry. Spatial and molecular variance analyses detected nine groups, corroborating some of subclades obtained in the combined data analysis.ConclusionCombination of the three molecular markers provided the best resolution for differentiation within An. triannulatus s.s. and An. halophylus and C. The latest two species seem to be very closely related and the analyses performed were not conclusive regarding species differentiation. Further studies including new molecular markers would be desirable to solve this species status question. Besides, results of the study indicate a trans-Andean origin for An. triannulatus s.l. The potential implications for malaria epidemiology remain to be investigated.

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“…halophylus and An. triannulatus C were reported in Western Brazilian Amazon, pguay and Bolivia [15,19,22,29,67]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns

et al. 2013

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“…Anopheles triannulatus is considered a complex of at least three species, Anopheles triannulatus s.s. Neiva and Pinto 1922, Anopheles halophylus Silva-do-Nascimento and Lourenço-de-Oliveira 2002, and Anopheles triannulatus C [ 14 , 31 ], that may differ in their vectorial capacity and involvement in parasite transmission [ 32 , 33 ]. Up to the present, An.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…halophylus and An. triannulatus C have not been incriminated in malaria transmission [ 14 , 31 ]. In Colombia, there is no evidence for the existence of more than one species of the Triannulatus Complex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ColombianAnopheles triannulatus(Diptera: Culicidae) Naturally Infected withPlasmodiumspp.

et al. 2013

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The role of Anopheles triannulatus as a local vector has not yet been defined for malaria-endemic regions of Colombia. Therefore, the aim of this work was to detect An. triannulatus naturally infected with Plasmodium spp., as an approximation to determining its importance as malaria vector in the country. A total of 510 An. triannulatus were collected in six malaria-endemic localities of NW and SE Colombia from January 2009 to March 2011. In the NW, two specimens were naturally infected; one with Plasmodium vivax VK247, collected biting on humans and the other with Plasmodium falciparum, collected resting on cattle. In the SE, two specimens were positive for P. falciparum. Although these results show An. triannulatus naturally infected with Plasmodium, further studies are recommended to demonstrate the epidemiological importance of this species in malaria-endemic regions of Colombia.

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“…triannulatus , Anopheles haplophylus and An. triannulatus “C” (Silva-do-Nascimento & Lourenço-de-Oliveira 2002, Silva-do-Nascimento et al 2006, 2011). The barcode region is more variable than the 3' end of the COI (Ruiz-Lopez et al 2012) and able to improve resolution at deeper nodes (Saunders & Le Gall 2010).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Originally described as a polymorphic taxon (Faran & Linthicum 1981), the intraspecific variation was attributed to adaptation to different habitats (Forattini 1962, Faran 1980, Rosa-Freitas et al 1998). More recently, it has been recognised as a complex of at least three species (Silva-do-Nascimento & Lourenço-de-Oliveira 2002, Silva-do-Nascimento et al 2006, 2011). Recent studies showing anthropophilic feeding and biting activity both indoors and out (Brochero et al 2006, Gutiérrez et al 2009), support vector incrimination in some areas of Latin America (Silva-do-Nascimento et al 2006, de Barros et al 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

Distinct population structure for co-occurring Anopheles goeldii and Anopheles triannulatus in Amazonian Brazil

McKeon

Moreno

Sallum

et al. 2013

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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To evaluate whether environmental heterogeneity contributes to the genetic heterogeneity in Anopheles triannulatus, larval habitat characteristics across the Brazilian states of Roraima and Pará and genetic sequences were examined. A comparison with Anopheles goeldii was utilised to determine whether high genetic diversity was unique to An. triannulatus. Student t test and analysis of variance found no differences in habitat characteristics between the species. Analysis of population structure of An. triannulatus and An. goeldii revealed distinct demographic histories in a largely overlapping geographic range. Cytochrome oxidase I sequence parsimony networks found geographic clustering for both species; however nuclear marker networks depicted An. triannulatus with a more complex history of fragmentation, secondary contact and recent divergence. Evidence of Pleistocene expansions suggests both species are more likely to be genetically structured by geographic and ecological barriers than demography. We hypothesise that niche partitioning is a driving force for diversity, particularly in An. triannulatus.

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Anopheles halophylus, a new species of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns

Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns

ColombianAnopheles triannulatus(Diptera: Culicidae) Naturally Infected withPlasmodiumspp.

Distinct population structure for co-occurring Anopheles goeldii and Anopheles triannulatus in Amazonian Brazil

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