Sand fly evolution and its relationship to Leishmania transmission

Ready, P.D.

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762000000400024

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…However, what is important to note is the plasticity of leishmanial parasites, their ability to adapt to changes in ecologic conditions, and a possible evolutionary relationship between them and their vectors as observed in the Old World (28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Polymorphism and Molecular Epidemiology ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensisfrom Different Hosts and Geographic Areas in Brazil

et al. 2003

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Numerical zymotaxonomy and variability of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) between the small and large subunits of the rRNA genes were used to examine strain variation and relationships in natural populations of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. A total of 101 strains from distinct hosts and Brazilian geographic regions were assigned to 15 zymodemes clustered in two major genetic groups. The great number of isolates (48.5%) placed in zymodeme IOC/Z-27 were collected on the Atlantic coast. The high molecular diversity found in populations in the Amazon Basin was related to the great number of sandfly vector(s) in that region. The results of the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the ITS depicted considerable intraspecific variation. Genotypic groups A, B, and C contained 39, 40, and 22 isolates, which were divided into 16, 10, and 15 genotypes, respectively. The genetic polymorphism observed demonstrates the degree of diversity of L. Infections with the parasitic protozoan Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Vianna 1911 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) or strain variants are recognized as causing human illness in many areas of (sub)tropical America (at least 15 countries), where it constitutes a significant public health problem. Many of these parasites seem to have a unique life cycle, with different phlebotomine sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) vectors and/or animal reservoirs and a different geographic distribution (13). This pathogen is capable of producing a variety of clinical manifestations, such as (i) cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which may heal spontaneously; (ii) mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), a hyperergic invasive ulcerative form that progresses in the absence of any apparent cellular defect (15); and (iii) disseminated CL (4).Most of the environmental factors affecting the epidemiology of the various leishmaniases are still poorly understood. Wild mammals serve as reservoirs for most of the New World Leishmania spp. (21), but there is increasing evidence that some of the human pathogenic Leishmania strains can be maintained in both sylvan and urban cycles. In the case of L. (V.) braziliensis, the principal vertebrate hosts in the sylvan cycle have not been identified, but there is evidence that dogs, horses, and donkeys may serve as reservoir hosts of this parasite (15). The existence of an urban cycle involving peridomestic sandfly species for L. (V.) braziliensis reflects the ability of these parasites and their vectors to adapt to changes in their original forested habitats with important public health implications. Studies using molecular techniques to characterize L. (V.) braziliensis populations from different regions have shown a relationship between level of similarity among the parasite populations (12, 24) and their geographic range, but recent data have also indicated that the considerable variability detected among these parasites is more probably related to the sandfly vector(s) and/or animal reservoir(s) involved in the transmission cycles (18).Pathogens that produce...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Polymorphism and Molecular Epidemiology ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensisfrom Different Hosts and Geographic Areas in Brazil

et al. 2003

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“…Nevertheless, fewer than 50 of the approximately 1000 species of sand flies worldwide are vectors of leishmaniasis. This could be attributable to the inability of some sand fly species to support the development of parasite infective stages in their gut, and/or a lack of ecological contact with reservoir hosts [1]. Other possible means of transmission of lesser importance are blood transfusions, or in immunedepressed intravenous-drug users, as a result of needle sharing, or following organ transplantation, or via congenital transmission, vertically or mother to child [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

Mansueto

Seidita

Vitale

et al. 2014

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

111

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Summary Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection whose clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Over the last decades, an increase in imported leishmaniasis cases in developed, non-endemic countries, have been pointed-out from a review of the international literature. Among the possible causes are increasing international tourism, influx of immigrants from endemic regions and military operations. The main area for the acquisition of cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially for adventure travelers on long-term trips in highly-endemic forested areas, is represented from South America, whereas popular Mediterranean destinations are emerging as the main areas to acquire visceral variant. Leishmaniasis should be considered in the diagnostic assessment of patients presenting with a compatible clinical syndrome and a history of travel to an endemic area, even if this occurred several months or years before. Adventure travelers, researchers, military personnel, and other groups of travelers likely to be exposed to sand flies in endemic areas, should receive counseling regarding leishmaniasis and appropriate protective measures. ª

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“…2001). The second conclusion concerns co-speciation between sandfly vector and parasite, in the strict sense of co-cladogenesis (Ready, 2000). The available results do not permit us to test whether or not incipient speciation of the vectors has been driving that of the parasites.…”

Section: Epidemiological Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Regional genetic differentiation ofPhlebotomus sergentiin three Moroccan foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused byLeishmania tropica

et al. 2004

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Summary:Phlebotomus sergenti was identified morphologically in samples from three Moroccan foci of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in the provinces of Azilal, Essaouira and Taza. Three primary mitochondrial DNA lineages were identified, and they could be markers for regionally distributed cryptic species. Greater mitochondrial diversity in Azilal indicated that this central province could have been the origin of dispersal of P. sergenti or the zone of secondary contact. All except one of the 21 mitochondrial haplotypes showed a marked regional distribution, and this indicates that vector control would not always be followed by rapid, long-distance reinvasion. Only mitochondrial haplotype SER 18 was a putative marker for long-distance dispersal, for which there is no evidence of human assistance. KEY WORDS :Leishmania tropica, Phlebotomus sergenti, mitochondrial lineages, host-parasite co-associations, phylogeography. Résumé : DIFFÉRENTIATION GÉNÉTIQUE RÉGIONALE DE PHLEBOTOMUS SERGENTI DANS TROIS FOYERS MAROCAINS DE

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Sand fly evolution and its relationship to Leishmania transmission

Cited by 22 publications

References 7 publications

Genetic Polymorphism and Molecular Epidemiology ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensisfrom Different Hosts and Geographic Areas in Brazil

Genetic Polymorphism and Molecular Epidemiology ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensisfrom Different Hosts and Geographic Areas in Brazil

Leishmaniasis in travelers: A literature review

Regional genetic differentiation ofPhlebotomus sergentiin three Moroccan foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused byLeishmania tropica

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