Recommendations from a satellite meeting

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761999000700085

Cited by 148 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The characterization of T. cruzi subpopulations by a biochemical tool was successfully proposed by Michael Miles and coauthors in 1977 based on enzyme electrophoresis (Miles et al, 1977). This proposition was certainly one of the most important landmarks in the study of T. cruzi biology, and the three main zymodeme groups proposed (Z1, Z2, and Z3) were the basis for the first nomenclature consensus proposed in 1999 (Anonymous, 1999). Another important zymodeme described in the Southern Cone of South America was the so-called Z2 Bolivian or Zymodeme 39 (named TcV in the current T. cruzi nomenclature), which is a hybrid parasite that is the result of a natural product of meiosis recombination between the parentals TcII and TcIII.…”

Section: T Cruzi Genotypes and Its Ecology: A Phenomenon Not Yet Fulmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landmarks of the Knowledge and Trypanosoma cruzi Biology in the Wild Environment

Jansen

Xavier

Roque

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Trypanosomatids are ancient parasitic eukaryotes that still maintain prokaryotic characteristics. Trypanosoma cruzi, a primarily wild mammal parasite, infected humans already long before European colonization of the Americas. T. cruzi heterogeneity remains an unsolved question, and until now, it has still not been possible to associate T. cruzi genotypes with any biological or epidemiological feature. One of the first biochemical attempts to cluster the T. cruzi subpopulations recognized three main subpopulations (zymodemes) that have been associated with the transmission cycles in the wild (Z1; Z3) and in the domestic environment (Z2). The description of wild mammal species harboring Z2 two decades later challenged this assemblage attempt. Currently, the genotypes of T. cruzi are assembled in seven discrete typing units (DTUs). The biology of T. cruzi still shows novelties such as the description of epimastigotes multiplying and differentiating to metacyclic trypomastigotes in the lumen of the scent glands of Didelphis spp. and the capacity of the true meiosis in parallel to clonal reproduction. The study of the transmission cycle among wild animals has broken paradigms and raised new questions: (i) the interaction of the T. cruzi DTUs with each of its mammalian host species displays peculiarities; (ii) the impact of mixed genotypes and species on the transmissibility of one or another species or on pathogenesis is still unknown; (iii) independent T. cruzi transmission cycles may occur in the same forest fragment; (iv) the capacity to act as a reservoir depends on the peculiarities of the host species and the parasite genotype; and (v) faunistic composition is a defining trait of the T. cruzi transmission cycle profile. The development of models of environmental variables that determine the spatial distribution of the elements that make up T. cruzi transmission by spatial analysis, followed by map algebra and networking, are the next steps toward interpreting and dealing with the new profile of Chagas disease with its many peculiarities. There is no way to solve this neglected disease once and for all if not through a multidisciplinary look that takes into account all kinds of human and animal activities in parallel to environmental variations.

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Section: T Cruzi Genotypes and Its Ecology: A Phenomenon Not Yet Fulmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landmarks of the Knowledge and Trypanosoma cruzi Biology in the Wild Environment

Jansen

Xavier

Roque

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Specifically, the CL-Brener strain [8] belongs to the TcVI genotype, and the metacyclic forms derived from this strain are highly invasive in vitro and in vivo [9–11]. TcI is considered a homogeneous group but contains the largest distribution among the described genotypes and is subdivided into five subgroups (TcIa–TcIe) [5, 12–15]. TcI is the genotype that predominates in Mexico and is responsible for causing most of the clinical manifestations of Chagas disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trypanosoma cruziMexican Strains Differentially Modulate Surface Markers and Cytokine Production in Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells from C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice

Barbosa

Costa

Desidério

et al. 2019

Mediators of Inflammation

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Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of antigen-presenting cells that play an important role in the immune response against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the modulation of these cells by this parasite can directly affect the innate and acquired immune response of the host in order to facilitate its biological cycle and the spreading of the species. Many studies show the mechanisms by which T. cruzi modulates DCs, but the interaction of these cells with the Mexican strains of T. cruzi such as Ninoa and INC5 has not yet been properly investigated. Here, we evaluated whether Ninoa and INC5 strains evaded the immunity of their hosts by modulating the biology and function of murine DCs. The CL-Brener strain was used as the reference strain. Herein, it was demonstrated that Ninoa was more infective toward bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) than INC5 and CL-Brener strains in both BMDCs of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Mexican strains of T. cruzi induced different cytokine patterns. In BMDCs obtained from BALB/c mice, Ninoa strain led to the reduction in IL-6 and increased IL-10 production, while in C57BL/6 mice Ninoa strain considerably increased the productions of TNF-α and IL-10. Also, Ninoa and INC5 differentially modulated BMDC expressions of MHC-II, TLR2, and TLR4 in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice compared to Brazilian strain CL-Brener. These results indicate that T. cruzi Mexican strains differentially infect and modulate MHC-II, toll-like receptors, and cytokine production in DCs obtained from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, suggesting that these strains have developed particular modulatory strategies to disrupt DCs and, consequently, the host immune responses.

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“…Therefore, field investigators have looked for methods to classify these strains mostly according to their biological and genomic differences. The first classification was established in 1999 in a Satellite Meeting held at Fiocruz [32]. An expert committee reviewed the available data establishing two principal subgroups named T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II (Figure 1A).…”

Section: Classification Of T Cruzi Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trypanosoma Cruzi Genome: Organization, Multi-Gene Families, Transcription, and Biological Implications

Herreros-Cabello

Callejas-Hernández

Gironès

et al. 2020

Genes

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Chagas disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi affects millions of people. Although its first genome dates from 2005, its complexity hindered a complete assembly and annotation. However, the new sequencing methods have improved genome annotation of some strains elucidating the broad genetic diversity and complexity of this parasite. Here, we reviewed the genomic structure and regulation, the genetic diversity, and the analysis of the principal multi-gene families of the recent genomes for several strains. The telomeric and sub-telomeric regions are sites with high recombination events, the genome displays two different compartments, the core and the disruptive, and the genome plasticity seems to play a key role in the survival and the infection process. Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) genome is composed mainly of multi-gene families as the trans-sialidases, mucins, and mucin-associated surface proteins. Trans-sialidases are the most abundant genes in the genome and show an important role in the effectiveness of the infection and the parasite survival. Mucins and MASPs are also important glycosylated proteins of the surface of the parasite that play a major biological role in both insect and mammal-dwelling stages. Altogether, these studies confirm the complexity of T. cruzi genome revealing relevant concepts to better understand Chagas disease.

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Recommendations from a satellite meeting

Cited by 148 publications

References 9 publications

Landmarks of the Knowledge and Trypanosoma cruzi Biology in the Wild Environment

Landmarks of the Knowledge and Trypanosoma cruzi Biology in the Wild Environment

Trypanosoma cruziMexican Strains Differentially Modulate Surface Markers and Cytokine Production in Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells from C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice

Trypanosoma Cruzi Genome: Organization, Multi-Gene Families, Transcription, and Biological Implications

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