II National Meeting on Strategic Research in Leishmaniases

Momen, Hooman

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761995000600021

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

1995

DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761995000600021

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II National Meeting on Strategic Research in Leishmaniases

Hooman Momen

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“…Eduado de Alencar 10 reported only 2,490 clinical cases in the seven-year period between 1953 and 1960, whereas 9,295 cases of VL were reported between 1983 and 1988. 11 Recently, Momen 15 reported that more than 3,000 new cases were diagnosed in 1994 alone. Furthermore, VL has traditionally been a rural disease, but the number of urban cases reported is steadily increasing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Breeding structure of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) in Brazil.

Mutebi¹,

Alexander²,

Sherlock³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Eleven populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva), the sand fly vector of Leishmania chagasi, from different areas of Brazil were analyzed for genetic variation at 16 enzyme loci. In this region, the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by L. chagasi is spotty and reproductive isolation among populations of Lu. longipalpis has been reported. It is thought that morphologically similar cryptic species with varying vectorial capacity may be responsible for the discontinuous distribution of VL. The aim was to study the genetic structure of populations within this region and to identify demes that may represent sibling species. Genotypic frequencies within populations were in close compliance to Hardy-Weinberg expectations, suggesting there are no sympatric species among these 11 populations. Levels of genetic distance between pairs of populations were very low (Ͻ 0.03), consistent with local populations within a single sand fly species. When genotypic frequency data for all populations were pooled, 9 of the 13 polymorphic loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, indicating some degree of genetic substructuring. Estimates of effective migration rates (N e m) among all populations were low, 2.73, suggesting that gene flow is restricted among populations, which is probably the reason for the observed genetic substructuring.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding structure of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) in Brazil.

Mutebi¹,

Alexander²,

Sherlock³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Canine leishmaniosis and euthanasia in Italy: a critical legal-ethical analysis

Passantino

Russo²,

Coluccio³

2010

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Reithinger

Davies²

1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

135

101

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Abstract. Originally associated with forested areas, the transmission cycle of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has now adapted to the domestic environment in at least 9 Latin American countries. Several studies have suggested that the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), which is already incriminated as the primary reservoir host of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL), may have a reservoir role in the domestic transmission of human ACL caused by Leishmania braziliensis, L. panamensis, and L. peruviana. This article reviews more than 90 studies reporting ACL infections in dogs, and concludes that as yet there is only circumstantial evidence to support that claim. Almost no data are available on the infectiousness of dogs to sandfly vectors of ACL, and there are few indications that either dog ownership or dog abundance are risk factors for ACL. Nevertheless, it has been proposed that incidence of ACL in humans could be reduced by targeting infected dogs. While this control strategy has been used for many decades against ZVL in Latin America, Europe, and Asia, there is little evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness either in theory or in practice. Particular concerns over the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tools, low compliance rates among dog owners, and cost-effectiveness are likely to apply equally to ACL control.The leishmaniases are a group of zoonotic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Despite their multiple etiologies, the New World leishmaniases can be divided into two broad categories: zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL).1 The latter includes localized cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Whereas ZVL is almost exclusively caused by Leishmania chagasi (L. infantum), ACL is caused by several Leishmania species, of which L. braziliensis is the most widespread. Many sandfly species have been incriminated as vectors of ACL throughout its geographic range, but reservoir hosts have only been identified for L. amazonensis, L. mexicana, L. guyanensis, and L. panamensis, and are unknown or unproven for both L. braziliensis and L. peruviana. 1 Originally associated with forested areas, 2 the transmission cycle of ACL has now adapted to the domestic environment due to deforestation and urbanization. 3,4 The transition from sylvatic to domestic transmission cycle was further encouraged by the lack of a specific leishmaniasis control strategy, and the discontinuation of intervention campaigns designed for other infectious diseases, e.g., malaria. 5,6

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II National Meeting on Strategic Research in Leishmaniases

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Breeding structure of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) in Brazil.

Breeding structure of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) in Brazil.

Canine leishmaniosis and euthanasia in Italy: a critical legal-ethical analysis

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

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