Patterns of acquired anti-malarial immunity in Sri Lanka

Gunewardena, D.M.; Carter, R.; Mendis, Kamini

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761994000600015

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…It has been reported that in mixed infections in humans, cross-species or cross-genome interaction exists between malaria parasites. 2 A reduction in the severity of malaria symptoms occurs in individuals pre-exposed to different species, 3 and Plasmodium vivax infection may protect against the severe complications of P. falciparum. 2,4 This effect is thought partially to explain the lower mortality rates from P. falciparum seen in the AsiaPacific region compared with Africa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mixed malaria infection: is Plasmodium vivax good for you?

Whitehorn

Coltart

Manser

et al. 2010

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mixed malaria infection: is Plasmodium vivax good for you?

Whitehorn

Coltart

Manser

et al. 2010

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

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“…An explanation for the reduction in symptoms in mixed infection carriers could be the mean age of the affected patients and time of residence in the endemic area, since it is well documented by different authors that immunity can play an important role in malaria symptom relief 22,23 . Consequently, minor clinical evidence for malaria was noted by the patients studied once a reduction in the severity of malaria symptoms was reported in individuals with limited preexposure to different species 24 . Nevertheless, it is not a general consensus that higher fevers, per se, are the consequence of greater clinical severity or more effective immune response 25 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Concurrent dengue and malaria in the Amazon region

Santana

Lavezzo

Terzian

et al. 2010

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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INTRODUCTION: The Amazon region has extensive forested areas and natural ecosystems, providing favorable conditions for the existence of innumerous arboviruses. Over 200 arboviruses have been isolated in Brazil and about 40 are associated with human disease. Four out of 40 are considered to be of public health importance in Brazil: Dengue viruses (1-4), Oropouche, Mayaro and Yellow Fever. Along with these viruses, about 98% of the malaria cases are restricted to the Legal Amazon region. METHODS: This study aimed to investigate the presence of arboviruses in 111 clinical serum samples from patients living in Novo Repartimento (Pará), Plácido de Castro (Acre), Porto Velho (Rondônia) and Oiapoque (Amapá). The viral RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed followed by a Multiplex-Nested-PCR, using Flavivirus, Alphavirus and Orthobunyavirus generic and species-specific primers. RESULTS: Dengue virus serotype 2 was detected in two patients living in Novo Repartimento (Pará) that also presented active Plasmodium vivax infection. CONCLUSIONS: Despite scant data, this situation is likely to occur more frequently than detected in the Amazon region. Finally, it is important to remember that both diseases have similar clinical findings, thus the diagnosis could be made concomitantly for dengue and malaria in patients living or returning from areas where both diseases are endemic or during dengue outbreaks.

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“…Field data, however, are inconclusive on this issue (22,(37)(38)(39)41). The fact that such immunity can indeed be induced experimentally via immunization with live attenuated parasites has been demonstrated with P. berghei RAS and p36p Ϫ GAP (19, 45b (28, 39a, 61), suggesting that it should be possible to perform this type of genetic modification in human plasmodia, thus avoiding the known hazards of radiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, indigenous populations are exposed to infection with different plasmodia from birth onwards. Evidence suggests that previous exposure to P. vivax or P. malariae leads to lower-than-expected rates of morbidity and mortality following exposure to P. falciparum (7,22,(37)(38)(39)58). Maitland and colleagues suggested that these outcomes are related to cross-species immunity (38), so an immune response induced by P. vivax and/or P. malariae may somehow affect the course of subsequent infection with P. falciparum.…”

Section: Cross-species Immunity To Asexual Blood-stage Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Species Immunity in Malaria Vaccine Development: Two, Three, or Even Four for the Price of One?

et al. 2008

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3For millennia, malaria has been one of the most deadly human infectious diseases in the world, and it is still the cause of about 2 million deaths per year, mainly among young children and pregnant women. Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, four species of which are infectious for humans: Plasmodium falciparum (the most deadly species, responsible for 80% of infections worldwide and 90% of malaria-related deaths), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale (56).The "gold standard" for full and sterile immunity against malaria-immunization with Plasmodium whole-organism, radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS)-was described for mice, monkeys, and humans over three decades ago (12, 14, 45a). The original RAS immunization strategy, however, usually required either the bites of many irradiated mosquitoes on multiple occasions or intravenous inoculation of sporozoites, both of which were considered impractical for mass vaccination campaigns (36, 45a). The advent of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s led many researchers to believe that the development of vaccines for the majority of known diseases, including malaria, was imminent (45). Although significant achievements in vaccinology have indeed been made using this technology (e.g., the pertussis vaccine [47]), the quest for a malaria vaccine remains unfulfilled. Several potential candidate vaccines have progressed to clinical trials recently (http://www.who.int/vaccine_research /documents/RainbowTable_ClinicalTrials_December2006 .pdf), and many others have been the subject of preclinical assessments (24, 42; http://www.who.int/vaccine_research /documents/RainbowTablePreclinical_December2006.pdf). Disappointing results with either DNA-or subunit proteinbased vaccines for malaria have led recently to a renewed effort focusing on scaled-up production of P. falciparum RAS and optimization of the immunization regimen for mass vaccination using this attenuated whole-organismbased approach (36; http://www.sanaria.com). In the latter context there have been other exciting recent developments. In rodent malaria models, both Plasmodium berghei genetically attenuated parasites (PbGAP) and Plasmodium yoelii GAP and P. yoelii sporozoites inoculated under cover of chloroquine (PyLUCS) have been shown to confer similar degrees of protection (2, 31, 44, 44b, 64). Together, these different types of whole-organism, live attenuated sporozoites constitute a powerful tool that should help to unravel the host mechanisms leading to protection, thus providing knowledge that may be crucial for development of the longawaited vaccine. Intriguingly, however, the immunity mediated in mice by RAS and PbGAP (p36p Ϫ type) is not plasmodial species specific but in both cases confers protection against challenge infection with heterologous rodent plasmodial species (19, 45b).Four different Plasmodium species are infectious for humans (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale). The first hint that sporozoites may induce cross-species imm...

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Patterns of acquired anti-malarial immunity in Sri Lanka

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

A mixed malaria infection: is Plasmodium vivax good for you?

A mixed malaria infection: is Plasmodium vivax good for you?

Concurrent dengue and malaria in the Amazon region

Cross-Species Immunity in Malaria Vaccine Development: Two, Three, or Even Four for the Price of One?

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