Vector incrimination and effects of antimalarial drugs on malaria transmission and control in the Amazon Basin of Brazil

Abstract

World ecosystems differ significantly and a multidisciplinary malaria control approach must be adjusted to meet these requirements. These include a comprehensive understanding of the malaria vectors, their behavior, seasonal distribution and abundance, susceptibility to insecticides (physiological and behavioral), methods to reduce the numbers of human gametocyte carriers through effective health care systems and antimalarial drug treatment, urban malaria transmission versus rural or forest malaria transmission, and the impact of vaccine development. Many malaria vectors are members of species complexes and individual relationships to malaria transmission, seasonal distribution, biting behavior, etc. is poorly understood. Additionally, malaria patients are not examined for circulating gametocytes and both falciparum and vivax malaria patients may be highly infective to mosquitoes after treatment with currently used antimalarial drugs. Studies on the physiological and behavioral effects of DDT and other insecticides are inconclusive and need to be evaluated.

The epidemiology of malaria in an epidemic area of the Peruvian Amazon.

“…Anopheles darlingi is highly anthropophilic, susceptible to both P. falciparum and P. vivax infection, both endophagic and exophagic, and, depending on the location, either endophilic or exophilic. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Flight ranges for adult An. darlingi mosquitoes as far as 7 km have been described.…”

Epidemiology and Infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Gametocytes in Relation to Malaria Control and Elimination

“…The median gametocyte clearance time is 24 h (309), and gametocytes are cleared from the vast majority of patients within 4 days after successful antimalarial treatment (365). Some studies that determined the infectiousness of individuals to mosquitoes following drug treatment described that the infectiousness to mosquitoes was reduced within hours after successful treatment with CQ alone (224,225) or in combination with PQ (224). Mosquito infection was completely prevented within 2 days after initiation of treatment (209,224,225).…”

“…Some studies that determined the infectiousness of individuals to mosquitoes following drug treatment described that the infectiousness to mosquitoes was reduced within hours after successful treatment with CQ alone (224,225) or in combination with PQ (224). Mosquito infection was completely prevented within 2 days after initiation of treatment (209,224,225). ACTs are increasingly being used for P. vivax infections in areas where both P. falciparum and P. vivax are endemic (118).…”

Variação da densidade anofélica com o uso de mosquiteiros impregnados com deltametrina em uma área endêmica de malária na Amazônia Brasileira

“…Embora em algumas localidades de Rondônia tenha sido verificado um comportamento unimodal da atividade de picar do An. darlingi, predominante ao pôr-do-sol e na primeira metade da noite, das 18h às 24h (Lourenço-deOliveira et al, 1989), em Costa Marques, o má-ximo de atividade é bimodal, ocorrendo no crepúsculo (18h às 20h) e na alvorada (5h às 6h), quando as pessoas não estão na cama e nem dentro do mosquiteiro (Klein & Lima, 1990 (Klein & Lima, 1990;Klein et al, 1991aKlein et al, , 1991bKlein et al, , 1991cKlein et al, 1992). O An.…”