Montenegro skin tests in dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

Genaro, Odair; Raso, Pedro; Costa, Carlos Alberto da; Carvalho, Magaly Duarte; Amaral, Francini do; Botelho, Ana Cristina de Carvalho; Williams, Paul; Dias, Magno; Mayrink, Wilson

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761992000100025

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…High concentrations of IgG2 are associated with clinical signs in dogs with leishmaniasis (Bourdoiseau et al, 1997;Cavaliero et al, 1999;Boceta et al, 2000;Solano-Gallego et al, 2000;Cardoso et al, 2007), whereas high concentrations of IgG1 are present in asymptomatic carriers (Reis et al, 2006c). Although IgM usually is considered to be an immunological marker for the acute phase of parasitic disease, it has been demonstrated that this immunoglobulin also can be detected during the chronic phases of CVL (Genaro et al, 1992;Reis et al, 2006c;Rodriguez-Cortes et al, 2007). Reis et al (2006c) suggest that IgA reactivity is a marker for tissue parasite density in CVL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral and cellular immune responses in dogs with inapparent natural Leishmania infantum infection

Coura‐Vital

Marques

Giunchetti

et al. 2011

The Veterinary Journal

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Molecular analysis, serology and immunophenotyping for T lymphocytes and their subsets, B lymphocytes and monocytes were performed on dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Animals were categorised as asymptomatic dogs I (AD-I), with negative serology and positive molecular results, and asymptomatic dogs II (AD-II), with positive serology and positive molecular results, and these were compared to symptomatic dogs (SD) and control dogs (CD). AD-I exhibited immunophenotypic features similar to those of CD, including isotype profiles and concentrations of monocytes. Similar biomarkers were found in AD-II and SD, such as, higher levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgG2, IgM and IgA and higher concentrations of eosinophils. High frequencies of T lymphocytes and CD4(+) T cells were observed in both AD-I and AD-II compared to SD, whereas CD8(+) T cells were higher only in AD-II compared with SD. Analysis of B lymphocytes revealed an increased frequency of this cell type only in AD-II animals compared with SD. Asymptomatic dogs appear to have a dichotomous infection spectrum that can influence the humoral and cellular immunological status during canine visceral leishmaniasis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral and cellular immune responses in dogs with inapparent natural Leishmania infantum infection

Coura‐Vital

Marques

Giunchetti

et al. 2011

The Veterinary Journal

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“…In the third study, 175 all 10 inoculated dogs had a positive MST response within 4 months postinoculation. In the last study, 176 18 of 24 inoculated dogs seroconverted within 4 months postinoculation and all developed lesions. These results should be treated with caution since there is considerable variation between the study protocols, sample sizes were small, and the immune response to parasite inoculation may differ from the response to natural infections.…”

Section: Can Dogs Be Incriminated As Reservoir Hosts Of Human Acl?mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…72,[174][175][176] In the first study, 72 lesions developed in 3 of 4 inoculated dogs after 4, 7, or 8 months, and seroconversion occurred within 2-4 months after the appearance of lesions (i.e., giving a serologic prepatent period of 8-11 months); the fourth dog seroconverted within four months but clinical symptoms (a mucosal ulcer) were not detected for another 12 months. In the second study, 174 3 of 6 inoculated dogs developed nodules by 22 days, and 5 of 6 had ulcerated lesions 2 months postinoculation; 6 of 6 seroconverted by day 36 and 5 of 6 had a positive Montenegro skin test (MST) response 5 months postinoculation.…”

Section: Can Dogs Be Incriminated As Reservoir Hosts Of Human Acl?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Reithinger

Davies²

1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

135

101

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Abstract. Originally associated with forested areas, the transmission cycle of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has now adapted to the domestic environment in at least 9 Latin American countries. Several studies have suggested that the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), which is already incriminated as the primary reservoir host of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL), may have a reservoir role in the domestic transmission of human ACL caused by Leishmania braziliensis, L. panamensis, and L. peruviana. This article reviews more than 90 studies reporting ACL infections in dogs, and concludes that as yet there is only circumstantial evidence to support that claim. Almost no data are available on the infectiousness of dogs to sandfly vectors of ACL, and there are few indications that either dog ownership or dog abundance are risk factors for ACL. Nevertheless, it has been proposed that incidence of ACL in humans could be reduced by targeting infected dogs. While this control strategy has been used for many decades against ZVL in Latin America, Europe, and Asia, there is little evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness either in theory or in practice. Particular concerns over the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tools, low compliance rates among dog owners, and cost-effectiveness are likely to apply equally to ACL control.The leishmaniases are a group of zoonotic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Despite their multiple etiologies, the New World leishmaniases can be divided into two broad categories: zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL).1 The latter includes localized cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Whereas ZVL is almost exclusively caused by Leishmania chagasi (L. infantum), ACL is caused by several Leishmania species, of which L. braziliensis is the most widespread. Many sandfly species have been incriminated as vectors of ACL throughout its geographic range, but reservoir hosts have only been identified for L. amazonensis, L. mexicana, L. guyanensis, and L. panamensis, and are unknown or unproven for both L. braziliensis and L. peruviana. 1 Originally associated with forested areas, 2 the transmission cycle of ACL has now adapted to the domestic environment due to deforestation and urbanization. 3,4 The transition from sylvatic to domestic transmission cycle was further encouraged by the lack of a specific leishmaniasis control strategy, and the discontinuation of intervention campaigns designed for other infectious diseases, e.g., malaria. 5,6

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“…Although the test was originally designed for humans, published data indicate that it may be successfully adapted for dogs (Marzochi & Barbosa-Santos 1988, Genaro et al 1992, Hermeto et al 1993 and it has been used as a marker of protective immunity in recent studies (Pinelli et al 1994). The antigens normally used in these tests are crude promastigote antigens produced by sonication of parasites, and preserved with thimerosal or phenol (Neal & Miles 1976, Melo et al 1977, Pinelli et al 1994.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin reactions to thimerosal and Leishmania in dogs from a leishmaniasis endemic area: it is better to keep them apart

Paranhos-Silva

Pontes-de-Carvalho

Oliveira

et al. 2001

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Montenegro skin tests in dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Humoral and cellular immune responses in dogs with inapparent natural Leishmania infantum infection

Humoral and cellular immune responses in dogs with inapparent natural Leishmania infantum infection

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Skin reactions to thimerosal and Leishmania in dogs from a leishmaniasis endemic area: it is better to keep them apart

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