Proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and sulfated polysaccharides from connective tissues

Mourāo, Paulo A.S.

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761991000700003

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Animal tissues contain multiple sulfated glycosaminoglycans such as heparan sulfate (HS), heparin, chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS, also known as chondroitin sulfate-B) and keratan sulfate (KS), which can be distinguished by their sugar constituents and sulfation pattern. Some GAGs such as hyaluronic acid (HA) are not sulfated [2,4,5]. A scheme of the chemical structures of these GAGs can be found in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the notable exception of HA, GAGs are mostly bound to proteins through O-linkages, while KS type I is the only GAG to be N-linked to core proteins. These are obtained by the sequential, semi-stochastic action of glycosyltransferase enzymes in the absence of a template, forming proteoglycans that contribute to regulation of cell signaling and function [1,3,4]. More recently, it has been shown that GAGs can bind to and sequester other proteins, such as growth factors and cytokines, to regulate their activity by either acting as a co-factor or by limiting their bioavailability [1,2,7,10–14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glycosaminoglycan-based biomaterials for growth factor and cytokine delivery: Making the right choices

Hachim

Whittaker

Kim

et al. 2019

Journal of Controlled Release

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Controlled, localized drug delivery is a long-standing goal of medical research, realization of which could reduce the harmful side-effects of drugs and allow more effective treatment of wounds, cancers, organ damage and other diseases. This is particularly the case for protein “drugs” and other therapeutic biological cargoes, which can be challenging to deliver effectively by conventional systemic administration. However, developing biocompatible materials that can sequester large quantities of protein and release them in a sustained and controlled manner has proven challenging. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) represent a promising class of bio-derived materials that possess these key properties and can additionally potentially enhance the biological effects of the delivered protein. They are a diverse group of linear polysaccharides with varied functionalities and suitabilities for different cargoes. However, most investigations so far have focused on a relatively small subset of GAGs – particularly heparin, a readily available, promiscuously-binding GAG. There is emerging evidence that for many applications other GAGs are in fact more suitable for regulated and sustained delivery. In this review, we aim to illuminate the beneficial properties of various GAGs with reference to specific protein cargoes, and to provide guidelines for informed choice of GAGs for therapeutic applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycosaminoglycan-based biomaterials for growth factor and cytokine delivery: Making the right choices

Hachim

Whittaker

Kim

et al. 2019

Journal of Controlled Release

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Emerging Trends in Oral Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery for Head and Neck Cancer

Massa

Fouad

Ebrahimi

et al. 2021

Early Detection and Treatment of Head &Amp; Neck Cancers

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High Field Sodium MRI Assessment of Stem Cell Chondrogenesis in a Tissue-Engineered Matrix

et al. 2015

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The development of non-invasive assessment techniques in vitro and in vivo is essential for monitoring and evaluating the growth of engineered cartilage tissues. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the leading non-invasive imaging modality used for assessing engineered cartilage. Typical MRI uses water proton relaxation times (T1 and T2) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) to assess tissue growth. These techniques, while excellent in providing the first assurance of tissue growth, are unspecific to monitor the progress of engineered cartilage extracellular matrix components. In the current article, we present high field (11.7 T, (1)H freq. = 500 MHz) sodium MRI assessment of tissue-engineered cartilage at the early stage of tissue growth in vitro. We observed the chondrogenesis of human bone marrow derived stromal cells seeded in a gradient polymer-hydrogel matrix made out of poly(85 lactide-co-15 glycolide)--PuraMatrix™ for 4 weeks. We calculated the sodium concentration in the engineered constructs using a model of sodium MRI voxels that takes into account scaffold volume, cell density and amount of glycosaminoglycan (GAG). The sodium concentration was then converted to the fixed charge density (FCD) and compared with FCD derived from biochemical GAG analysis. Despite the small amount of GAG present in the engineered constructs, the sodium MRI derived FCD is found to be correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient R = 0.79) with the FCD derived from biochemical analysis. We conclude that sodium MRI could prove to be an invaluable tool in assessing engineered cartilage quantitatively during the repair or regeneration of cartilage defects.

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Proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and sulfated polysaccharides from connective tissues

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Glycosaminoglycan-based biomaterials for growth factor and cytokine delivery: Making the right choices

Glycosaminoglycan-based biomaterials for growth factor and cytokine delivery: Making the right choices

Emerging Trends in Oral Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery for Head and Neck Cancer

High Field Sodium MRI Assessment of Stem Cell Chondrogenesis in a Tissue-Engineered Matrix

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