Human, canine and equine (Equus caballus) leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis (= L. braziliensis brazilienzis) in the south-west region of São Paulo state, Brazil

Yoshida, Elizaide L. A.; Correa, Fernando de Oliveira Motta de Azevedo Amadeu; Marques, Sílvio Alencar; Stolf, Hamílton Ometto; Dillon, Neuza Lima; Momen, Hooman; Grimaldi, Gabriel

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761990000100026

Cited by 36 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…84,94,96,116 Similarly, indirect comparisons of sensitivity can also be made by comparing the results for all reported surveys using a specific diagnostic method (Table 2). 38,57,61,[68][69][70]72,73,76,77,80,81,82,84,85,89,90,92,[94][95][96][97][99][100][101]103, Due to their logistic convenience and relatively high sensitivity, serologic tests are the standard tools for identifying Leishmania-infected dogs (Table 2). However, difficulties associated with the interpretation of seroprevalence data are 1) serology is prone to nonspecific cross-reactions (false-positives), e.g., due to Trypanosoma cruzi infection; 136 2) there may be a delay between infection and seroconversion (i.e., a prepatent period); 110,112,113,[137][138][139] 3) a fraction of infected dogs may never seroconvert; 137,[140][141][142] and 4) seroconversion may not be permanent.…”

Section: Can Dogs Be Incriminated As Reservoir Hosts Of Human Acl?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Reithinger

Davies²

1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

133

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Abstract. Originally associated with forested areas, the transmission cycle of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has now adapted to the domestic environment in at least 9 Latin American countries. Several studies have suggested that the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), which is already incriminated as the primary reservoir host of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL), may have a reservoir role in the domestic transmission of human ACL caused by Leishmania braziliensis, L. panamensis, and L. peruviana. This article reviews more than 90 studies reporting ACL infections in dogs, and concludes that as yet there is only circumstantial evidence to support that claim. Almost no data are available on the infectiousness of dogs to sandfly vectors of ACL, and there are few indications that either dog ownership or dog abundance are risk factors for ACL. Nevertheless, it has been proposed that incidence of ACL in humans could be reduced by targeting infected dogs. While this control strategy has been used for many decades against ZVL in Latin America, Europe, and Asia, there is little evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness either in theory or in practice. Particular concerns over the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tools, low compliance rates among dog owners, and cost-effectiveness are likely to apply equally to ACL control.The leishmaniases are a group of zoonotic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Despite their multiple etiologies, the New World leishmaniases can be divided into two broad categories: zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL).1 The latter includes localized cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Whereas ZVL is almost exclusively caused by Leishmania chagasi (L. infantum), ACL is caused by several Leishmania species, of which L. braziliensis is the most widespread. Many sandfly species have been incriminated as vectors of ACL throughout its geographic range, but reservoir hosts have only been identified for L. amazonensis, L. mexicana, L. guyanensis, and L. panamensis, and are unknown or unproven for both L. braziliensis and L. peruviana. 1 Originally associated with forested areas, 2 the transmission cycle of ACL has now adapted to the domestic environment due to deforestation and urbanization. 3,4 The transition from sylvatic to domestic transmission cycle was further encouraged by the lack of a specific leishmaniasis control strategy, and the discontinuation of intervention campaigns designed for other infectious diseases, e.g., malaria. 5,6

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Section: Can Dogs Be Incriminated As Reservoir Hosts Of Human Acl?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Reithinger

Davies²

1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

133

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“…More recent studies have shown that most of these parasites represent strain variants of a given Leishmania species [15,16]. Much of this information on the characterization and classi®cation of the various New World Leishmania was obtained by a combination of biochemical (zymodeme analysis) and immunological (serodeme analysis employing monoclonal antibodies, mAbs) methods [1,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,17,18]. More recently, we have applied an integrated set of approaches towards understanding evolutionary/phylogenetical relationships among trypanosomatids, with emphasis on parasites within the genus Leishmania [19,20,21].…”

Section: Molecular Taxonomy and Relationships Of New World Leishmaniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the taxonomy of the New World leishmanial parasites

Cupolillo

Alves

Brahim

et al. 2001

Med Microbiol Immunol

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“…(Aguiar et al, 1989) and Santa Catarina (São Tiago & Guida, 1990). Outside of Amazonia, dogs (Falqueto et al, 1986;Pirmez et al, 1988), horses, donkeys, mules (Aguilar et al, 1989;Yoshida et al, 1990, Barbosa-Santos et al, 1991, and possibly synanthropic rodents (Araújo-Filho et al, 1981;Vasconcelos et al, 1987), as well as humans, are considered sources of infection for sandfly vectors (Marzochi, 1992). Within the primary forest of the remaining Mata Atlântica, for example, populations of Lu.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tegumentary and visceral leishmaniases in Brazil: emerging anthropozoonosis and possibilities for their control

1994

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in Brazil -Emerging Anthropozoonosis and Possibilities for Their Control. Cad. Saúde Públ., Rio de Janeiro, 10 (supplement 2): [359][360][361][362][363][364][365][366][367][368][369][370][371][372][373][374][375] 1994. The existence of a number of different species of Leishmania, the persistent increase in the infection rate of diseases caused by this parasite (tegumentary and visceral forms), the different epidemiological situations found in regions of both recent and older colonization, and the trend towards urbanization have led to the adoption of different strategies to control leishmaniases in Brazil. The control measures involve studies related to the parasite, vectors, sources of infection (animal and human), clinical aspects, geographical distribution, historical and socioeconomic factors, integration of health services, and adequate technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and immunoprophylaxis. Finally, successful control requires work with human communities, involving education, provision of information, health promotion, and participation of these communities in the planning, development, and maintenance of control programs.

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Human, canine and equine (Equus caballus) leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis (= L. braziliensis brazilienzis) in the south-west region of São Paulo state, Brazil

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Recent advances in the taxonomy of the New World leishmanial parasites

Tegumentary and visceral leishmaniases in Brazil: emerging anthropozoonosis and possibilities for their control

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