Xenodiagnostico con Lutzomyia youngi en casos venezolanos de leishmaniasis cutaned por Leishmania braziliensis

Rojas, Ernesto; Scorza, J. V.

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761989000100006

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…youngi fed directly on the lesions of eight human patients, all of whom were infectious. 161 Lutzomyia youngi have also been infected when fed on 3 of 6 (asymptomatic) opossums 40-60 days postinoculation with L. braziliensis, with a mean infection rate on the three infectious hosts of 7.3% (4 of 55). 162 These infection rates can be compared with those on ZVL-infected dogs: 13 of 16 naturally L. infantum-infected, seropositive dogs were infectious to Phlebotomus perniciosus fed on the head, with a mean infection rate of 37% (149 of 404).…”

Section: Can Dogs Be Incriminated As Reservoir Hosts Of Human Acl?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Reithinger

Davies²

1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

133

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Abstract. Originally associated with forested areas, the transmission cycle of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has now adapted to the domestic environment in at least 9 Latin American countries. Several studies have suggested that the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), which is already incriminated as the primary reservoir host of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL), may have a reservoir role in the domestic transmission of human ACL caused by Leishmania braziliensis, L. panamensis, and L. peruviana. This article reviews more than 90 studies reporting ACL infections in dogs, and concludes that as yet there is only circumstantial evidence to support that claim. Almost no data are available on the infectiousness of dogs to sandfly vectors of ACL, and there are few indications that either dog ownership or dog abundance are risk factors for ACL. Nevertheless, it has been proposed that incidence of ACL in humans could be reduced by targeting infected dogs. While this control strategy has been used for many decades against ZVL in Latin America, Europe, and Asia, there is little evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness either in theory or in practice. Particular concerns over the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tools, low compliance rates among dog owners, and cost-effectiveness are likely to apply equally to ACL control.The leishmaniases are a group of zoonotic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Despite their multiple etiologies, the New World leishmaniases can be divided into two broad categories: zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL).1 The latter includes localized cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Whereas ZVL is almost exclusively caused by Leishmania chagasi (L. infantum), ACL is caused by several Leishmania species, of which L. braziliensis is the most widespread. Many sandfly species have been incriminated as vectors of ACL throughout its geographic range, but reservoir hosts have only been identified for L. amazonensis, L. mexicana, L. guyanensis, and L. panamensis, and are unknown or unproven for both L. braziliensis and L. peruviana. 1 Originally associated with forested areas, 2 the transmission cycle of ACL has now adapted to the domestic environment due to deforestation and urbanization. 3,4 The transition from sylvatic to domestic transmission cycle was further encouraged by the lack of a specific leishmaniasis control strategy, and the discontinuation of intervention campaigns designed for other infectious diseases, e.g., malaria. 5,6

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Section: Can Dogs Be Incriminated As Reservoir Hosts Of Human Acl?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Reithinger

Davies²

1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

133

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“…As the dogma goes in Tropical Medicine, the Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia need to take a high concentration of parasites which is only attainable at the skin of the animal reservoirs. Despite this, there are reported cases of intradomiciliary transmission that have been attributed to infected Phlebotomus, when they bite the parasite-rich wound crest (Rojas & Scorza 1989).…”

Section: Persistencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Infections by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

Ramı́rez¹,

Guevara²

1997

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Here we review the phenomenon of persistency in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections. In other Leishmania species where appropriate animal models exist, considerable advances in the understanding of basic immunologic mechanisms of persistency have been made; for a review see Aebisher (1994). On the contrary, the evidences of persistence in infections with L. braziliensis rest on studies of human clinical cases many of which we summarized and discussed in this work.

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“…Triatomine bugs have been widely used for the diagnosis of Chagas disease and xenodiagnosis is still considered as the gold standard for parasitological diagnosis (Avilla et al , 1993). Among trypanosomatids, xenodiagnosis was also shown to be efficient for the diagnosis of Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum infections (Rojas et al , 1989; Molina et al , 1996). In HAT, some old attempts were also made with tsetse flies to confirm serological suspects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental evaluation of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes at low parasitaemia levels in infected hosts

et al. 2011

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In Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT) endemic areas, there are a number of subjects that are positive to serological tests but in whom trypanosomes are difficult to detect with the available parasitological tests. In most cases and particularly in West Africa, these subjects remain untreated, thus posing a fundamental problem both at the individual level (because of a possible lethal evolution of the disease) and at the epidemiological level (since they are potential reservoirs of trypanosomes). Xenodiagnosis may constitute an alternative for this type of cases. The objective of this study was to update the use of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes in infected host characterized by low parasitaemia levels. This was carried out experimentally by infecting cattle and pigs with Trypanosoma congolense and T. brucei gambiense respectively, and by feeding tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans submorsitans and G. palpalis gambiensis, from the CIRDES colonies) on these animals at a time when the observed blood parasitaemia were low or undetectable by the classical microscopic parasitological tests used for the monitoring of infected animals. Our results showed that: i) the G. p. gambiensis colony at CIRDES could not be infected with the T. b. gambiense stocks used; ii) midgut infections of G. m. submorsitans were observed with both T. congolense and T. b. gambiense; iii) xenodiagnosis remains positive even at very low blood parasitaemia for both T. congolense and T. b. gambiense; and iv) to implement T. b. gambiense xenodiagnosis, batches of 20 G. m. submorsitans should be dissected two days after the infective meal. These results constitute a first step toward a possible implementation of xenodiagnosis to better characterize the parasitological status of seropositive individuals and the modalities of parasite transmission in HAT foci.

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Xenodiagnostico con Lutzomyia youngi en casos venezolanos de leishmaniasis cutaned por Leishmania braziliensis

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) a reservoir host of American cutaneous leishmaniasis? A critical review of the current evidence.

Persistent Infections by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

Experimental evaluation of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes at low parasitaemia levels in infected hosts

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