Outbreak of human toxoplasmosis in a rural area. A three year serologic follow-up study

Coutinho, S.; Morgado, A; Wagner, Marina; Lobo, Renato; Sutmoller, Frits

doi:10.1590/s0074-02761982000100004

Cited by 10 publications

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“…An outbreak of toxoplasmosis was reported in people from a farm in rural Além Paraíba, Minas Gerais (Coutinho et al 1982 b ). Nine of 36 persons living on a dairy farm developed illness characterized by fever, headache, and lymphadenopathy; all of them had serological evidence of acute toxoplasmosis.…”

Section: Toxoplasmosis In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiology

et al. 2012

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SUMMARYInfections by the protozoan parasiteToxoplasma gondiiare widely prevalent in humans and animals in Brazil. The burden of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans is considered to be very high. The high prevalence and encouragement of the Brazilian Government provides a unique opportunity for international groups to study the epidemiology and control of toxoplasmosis in Brazil. Many early papers on toxoplasmosis in Brazil were published in Portuguese and often not available to scientists in English-speaking countries. In the present paper we review prevalence, clinical spectrum, molecular epidemiology, and control ofT. gondiiin humans and animals in Brazil. This knowledge should be useful to biologists, public health workers, veterinarians, and physicians. Brazil has a very high rate ofT. gondiiinfection in humans. Up to 50% of elementary school children and 50–80% of women of child-bearing age have antibodies toT. gondii. The risks for uninfected women to acquire toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and fetal transmission are high because the environment is highly contaminated with oocysts. The burden of toxoplasmosis in congenitally infected children is also very high. From limited data on screening of infants forT. gondiiIgM at birth, 5–23 children are born infected per 10 000 live births in Brazil. Based on an estimate of 1 infected child per 1000 births, 2649 children with congenital toxoplasmosis are likely to be born annually in Brazil. Most of these infected children are likely to develop symptoms or signs of clinical toxoplasmosis. Among the congenitally infected children whose clinical data are described in this review, several died soon after birth, 35% had neurological disease including hydrocephalus, microcephaly and mental retardation, 80% had ocular lesions, and in one report 40% of children had hearing loss. The severity of clinical toxoplasmosis in Brazilian children may be associated with the genetic characteristics ofT. gondiiisolates prevailing in animals and humans in Brazil.

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Section: Toxoplasmosis In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiology

et al. 2012

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“…Several foodborne outbreaks of toxoplasmosis have been reported worldwide (4)(5)(6)(13)(14)(15). These outbreaks were attributed mainly to consumption of raw or inadequately cooked meat or to ingestion of raw goat's milk (4,15).…”

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confidence: 99%

Development and Application of Different Methods for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Water

Kourenti

Heckeroth²,

Tenter³

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Two methods, centrifugation and flocculation, were evaluated to determine their efficiencies of recovery of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from contaminated water samples. Demineralized and tap water replicates were inoculated with high numbers of sporulated or unsporulated T. gondii oocysts (1 ؋ 10 5 and 1 ؋ 10 4 oocysts). The strain, age, and concentration of the seeded oocysts were recorded. Oocysts were recovered either by centrifugation of the contaminated samples at various g values or by flocculation with two coagulants, Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . The recovery rates were determined with the final pellets by phase-contrast microscopy. Sporulated oocysts were recovered more effectively by flocculation with Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (96.5% ؎ 21.7%) than by flocculation with Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (93.1% ؎ 8.1%) or by centrifugation at 2,073 ؋ g (82.5% ؎ 6.8%). For the unsporulated oocysts, flocculation with Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 was more successful (100.3% ؎ 26.9%) than flocculation with Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (90.4% ؎ 19.1%) or centrifugation at 2,565 ؋ g (97.2% ؎ 12.5%). The infectivity of the sporulated oocysts recovered by centrifugation was confirmed by seroconversion of all inoculated mice 77 days postinfection. These data suggest that sporulated Toxoplasma oocysts purified by methods commonly used for waterborne pathogens retain their infectivity after mechanical treatment and are able to induce infections in mammals. This is the first step in developing a systematic approach for the detection of Toxoplasma oocysts in water.Infections by the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are prevalent in humans and animals throughout the world. This ubiquitous parasite induces more severe illness in the intermediate hosts (mice, pigs, humans) than in the definitive host (cats) (8). However, only the definitive host releases oocysts into the environment through contaminated feces. The excreted oocysts are unsporulated and not immediately infective. Formation of infective sporozoites within sporulated oocysts requires 1 to 5 more days and occurs in the outside environment. Thus, ingestion of food or water contaminated with oocysts from infected cat feces is a common route for postnatal transmission of T. gondii in humans.Ingestion of tissue cysts by consumption of infected meat is another significant source of human infection. Several foodborne outbreaks of toxoplasmosis have been reported worldwide (4-6, 13-15). These outbreaks were attributed mainly to consumption of raw or inadequately cooked meat or to ingestion of raw goat's milk (4, 15). Tissue cysts of T. gondii are killed by cooking and freezing (7), whereas oocysts are more resistant to such treatments and can survive for months in adverse environments.The first reported waterborne toxoplasmosis outbreak was among United States Army soldiers in Panama in 1979. An investigation implicated drinking water obtained from a stream presumably contaminated with oocysts excreted by jungle cats as the source of the organism (2). When the largest documented waterborne outbreak of acute toxop...

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“…Outros fatores de risco para infecção por T. gondii em estudos brasileiros incluem a ingestão de carne malpassada e a ingestão de cordeiro congelado (o congelamento caseiro geralmente não é suficiente para matar T. gondii) (Jones et al, 2007b;. Um estudo prévio em Minas Gerais sugeriu que carne de porco pouco cozida ou vegetais contaminados com T. gondii do solo foram as fontes da infecção (Coutinho, 1982). Francisco e colaboradores descobriram uma associação entre o Toxocara canis (um helminto do solo) e a soropositividade para T. gondii, sugerindo um risco pós-natal relacionado ao solo .…”

Section: Brasil -Epidemiologia E Fatores De Riscounclassified

Toxoplasmose & Toxoplasma gondii

Souza¹,

Belfort²

2014

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por Jacobs e Lund, a imunofluorescência indireta, por Kelen e colaboradores, e a fixação do complemento, por Nicolau e Revelo e por Warren e Sabin. Frenkel, em 1948, inseriu no contexto de prova de reconhecimento da parasitose o teste da sensibilidade cutânea à toxoplasmose.Com o uso de exames sorológicos, ficou demonstrada a presença de anticorpos contra T. gondii em grande número de habitantes de diferentes áreas geográficas, bem como em numerosas espécies de animais. De tal forma está disseminada a infecção por T. gondii, que pode ser considerada inteiramente válida a afirmativa feita por Jacobs de que "vivemos num mar de infecção toxoplásmica".Quarta etapa (identificação do hospedeiro definitivo) -nesta fase sucedeu a descoberta do hospedeiro definitivo do T. gondii, ou seja, o gato, permitindo melhor conhecimento da epidemiologia da toxoplasmose. Outros felídeos, convém destacar, também atuam como hospedeiro definitivo.Os estudos que levaram à identificação do hospedeiro definitivo tiveram início com a detecção, por Hutchison, de uma forma infectante e resistente do toxoplasma em fezes de gato. Posteriormente, graças aos trabalhos de vários pesquisadores -como Hutchison, na Dinamarca; Frenkel, Jacobs, Dubey e Miller, nos Estados Unidos; e Piekarski e Wite, na Alemanha -, ficou demonstrado o ciclo sexuado de T. gondii no intestino desse felídeo.Por fim, ouso apontar sugestões quiçá valiosas que, se concretizadas, conduzirão ao prosseguimento do processo de aquisição de mais alguns subsídios para abordarmos construtivamente singularidades atinentes à toxoplasmose. Ei-las: programar sorologicamente conhecer mulheres ainda não infectadas, possibilitando recomendações de caráter preventivo; procurar drogas efetivas para tratamento com esquemas de curta duração e sem toxicidade; produzir drogas que atinjam os cistos, com o objetivo de suprimir a parasitose e evitar recaídas ou reativações; pesquisar para saber se cepas influem quanto às feições clínico-patológicas; investigar a provável transmissão de T. gondii por transfusão de sangue; e por fim, a consecução de um fabuloso sonho, ou seja, a obtenção de vacina preventiva bem respaldada cientificamente, sendo conveniente lembrar que se encontram em curso, com este objetivo, esforços diversificados. Esta é minha simplória colaboração. Wanderley e Rubens: não esmoreçam e persistam contribuindo com brilho para a medicina brasileira.

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Outbreak of human toxoplasmosis in a rural area. A three year serologic follow-up study

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiology

Toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiology

Development and Application of Different Methods for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Water

Toxoplasmose & Toxoplasma gondii

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