Primatology in southern Brazil: a transdisciplinary approach to the conservation of the brown-howler-monkey Alouatta guariba clamitans (Primates, Atelidae)

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Human interventions in natural environments are the main cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. The situation is not different in southern Brazil, home of five primate species. Although some earlier studies exist, studies on the primates of this region began to be consistently carried out in the 1980s and have continued since then. In addition to important initiatives to study and protect the highly endangered Leontopithecus caissara Lorrini & Persson, 1990 and Brachyteles arachnoides E. Geoffroy, 1806, other species, including locally threatened ones, have been the focus of research, management, and protection initiatives. Since 1993, the urban monkeys program (PMU, Programa Macacos Urbanos) has surveyed the distribution and assessed threats to populations of Alouatta guariba clamitans (Cabrera, 1940) in Porto Alegre and vicinity. PMU has developed conservation strategies on four fronts: (1) scientific research on biology and ecology, providing basic knowledge to support all other activities of the group; (2) conservation education, which emphasizes educational presentations and long-term projects in schools near howler populations, based on the flagship species approach; (3) management, analyzing conflicts involving howlers and human communities, focusing on mitigating these problems and on appropriate relocation of injured or at-risk individuals; and finally, (4) Public Policies aimed at reducing and/or preventing the impact of urban expansion, contributing to create protected areas and to strengthen environmental laws. These different approaches have contributed to protect howler monkey populations over the short term, indicating that working collectively and acting on diversified and interrelated fronts are essential to achieve conservation goals. The synergistic results of these approaches and their relationship to the prospects for primatology in southern Brazil are presented in this review. KEYWORDS.Conservation biology, environmental education, brown howler monkey, public policies, urban monkeys program.RESUMO. Primatologia no sul do Brasil: uma abordagem transdisciplinar para a conservação do bugio-ruivo Alouatta guariba clamitans (Primates, Atelidae) na região de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Intervenções humanas nos ambientes naturais são a principal causa da perda de biodiversidade global. Essa situação não é diferente no sul do Brasil, onde vivem cinco espécies nativas de primatas. Embora existam algumas pesquisas anteriores, estudos sobre primatas nessa região começaram a ser desenvolvidos consistentemente no início da década de 1980 e continuaram sendo produzidos desde então. Além de importante iniciativas para pesquisar e conservar as espécies altamente ameaçadas Leontopithecus caissara Lorrini & Persson, 1990 e Brachyteles arachnoides E. Geoffroy, 1806, outras espécies, incluindo algumas localmente ameaçadas, têm sido foco de pesquisas, manejo, e iniciativas de conservação. Desde 1993, o Programa Macacos Urbanos (PMU) tem pesquisado a distribuição e avaliado as ameaças às populações de Alou...

Howler monkey tolerance to habitat shrinking: Lifetime warranty or death sentence?

“…In addition to resource scarcity, diverse factors can contribute to the extirpation of howler monkeys, particularly from smaller habitat patches immersed in human‐altered landscapes. Howlers are killed by domestic dogs and people or are run over by cars when they descend to the ground to cross canopy gaps or to move between discrete habitat patches to feed, or they are electrocuted when they move along power lines (Bicca‐Marques & Calegaro‐Marques, ; Chaves, Fernandes, Oliveira, & Bicca‐Marques, ; Corrêa, Chaves, Printes, & Romanowski, ; Jerusalinsky et al, ; Lokschin, Printes, Cabral, & Buss, ; Pozo‐Montuy & Serio‐Silva, ; Pozo‐Montuy et al, ; Prates & Bicca‐Marques, ).…”

“… Sources : 1 Fortes et al (), 2 Cristóbal‐Azkarate and Arroyo‐Rodríguez (), 3 Bicca‐Marques (), 4 Di Fiore et al (), 5 Bonilla‐Sánchez et al (), 6 Chaves and Bicca‐Marques (), 7 Dias and Rangel‐Negrín (), 8 Prates and Bicca‐Marques (), 9 Neville et al (), 10 Bicca‐Marques and Calegaro‐Marques (), 11 Chaves and Bicca‐Marques (), 12 Chaves and Bicca‐Marques (), 13 Pozo‐Montuy et al (), 14 Bicca‐Marques (), 15 Pozo‐Montuy and Serio‐Silva (), 16 Boyle and Smith (), 17 Estrada and Coates‐Estrada (), 18 Mandujano et al (), 19 Mandujano & Estrada (), 20 Pozo‐Montuy et al (), 21 Anzures‐Dadda and Manson (), 22 Arroyo‐Rodríguez et al (), 23 Arroyo‐Rodríguez et al (), 24 Cristóbal‐Azkarate et al (), 25 Ribeiro and Bicca‐Marques (), 26 Silva and Bicca‐Marques (), 27 Zunino et al (), 28 Chiarello (), 29 Estrada et al (), 30 Kowalewski and Zunino (), 31 Arroyo‐Rodríguez and Dias (), 32 Benchimol and Peres (), 33 Benchimol and Venticinque (), 34 Gilbert (), 35 Michalski and Peres (), 36 Jerusalinsky et al (), 37 Lokschin et al (), 38 Almeida et al (), 39 Almeida, Santos, Cardoso, Silva, et al (), 40 Bicca‐Marques et al (), 41 Bicca‐Marques and Freitas (), 42 Freitas and Bicca‐Marques (), 43 Holzmann et al (), 44 Possamai et al (), 45 Veiga et al ().…”

Local Ecological Knowledge about Endangered Primates in a Rural Community in Paraíba, Brazil

“…Indeed, primates are the mammal group most intensely affected by deforestation, as forests are their primary habitats [Chiarello et al, 2008]. Forest loss, alterations, and fragmentation constitute some of the major threats to primate conservation since these practices gradually reduce primates' habitats and prevent population dispersal [Marsh, 2007;Jerusalinsky et al, 2010;Sigrist, 2012].…”

Mudanças na Rotina do Bugio-ruivo Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera, 1940 e do Bugio-preto Alouatta caraya Humboldt, 1812 Mantidos no Parque Zoológico da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul Através da Técnica de Enriquecimento Ambiental

“…As principais ameaças às populações são a perda e a fragmentação de hábitat, epidemias de febre amarela e agressões por pessoas que acreditam que esses animais possam ser transmissores dessas doenças, muitas vezes ocasionando em mortes (Jerusalinsky et al, 2010;Koch & Pereira, 2014).…”