“…For example, intensive medical therapy that included diuretics and afterload reduction can successfully lower PCWP and improve CSR (49) (Figure 5). Similarly, beta-blockers (90–92), cardiac resynchronization therapy (43, 93), left-ventricular assist devices (94) and transplantation (95–97) have been associated with improvements in CSR over time. Rapid changes in cardiac function, as might happen in the ICU, can quickly affect CSR severity.…”