Evaluating cardiac vagal activity on a conventional electrocardiogram

Teixeira, Flávia P.; Ricardo, Djalma Rabelo; Castro, Claudia Lúcia Barros de; Araújo, Cláudio Gil Soares de

doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2007000400002

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…It is worth noting that since the validation of the 4sET two decades ago (Araújo et al 1992), our research group (Almeida et al 2004;Araújo et al 1992Araújo et al ,2003Nóbrega and Araújo 1993;Nóbrega et al 1994a;Oliveira et al 2006;Ricardo et al 2005;Teixeira et al 2007) and others (KnopXi and Bar-Or 1999;Lugon et al 2006) have been using the 4sET in physiological and clinical investigations.…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 98%

Similar cardiac vagal withdrawal at the onset of arm and leg dynamic exercise

et al. 2007

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Electrocardiogram RR intervals duration reduce rapidly in the first seconds of dynamic exercise mainly due to a cardiac vagal withdrawal. However, it remains unclear if this response varies between exercises performed with different body segments (i.e. arm vs. leg). Our aim was to compare the vagal withdrawal at the onset of arm and leg dynamic exercise. Cardiac vagal withdrawal was assessed by the 4-s exercise test (4sET), a pharmacologically validated and highly reliable procedure. Initially, 60 healthy subjects performed the 4sET using arms (ARM 4sET) and legs (LEG 4sET), in a random order. Later, 20 of them repeated the testing, controlling for cycling rate and time of exercise onset within a RR interval, potential intervenient variables. Similar results were found for ARM and LEG 4sET considering the RR interval duration obtained immediately before the onset of exercise (RRB) (mean +/- SEM; 852 +/- 23 vs. 857 +/- 23 ms; P = 0.55), the shortest RR interval duration during exercise (RRC) (570 +/- 10 vs. 563 +/- 10 ms; P = 0.22) and the cardiac vagal index (CVI), which is the ratio between RRB and RRC (1.49 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.52 +/- 0.03; P = 0.10). Furthermore, high intraclass correlation coefficients were found (RRB r (i) = 0.94, P < 0.001; RRC r (i) = 0.85, P < 0.001; CVI r (i) = 0.81, P < 0.001). We conclude that similar cardiac vagal withdrawal was induced by 4-s fast unloaded cycling exercise performed with arms or legs.

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Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 98%

Similar cardiac vagal withdrawal at the onset of arm and leg dynamic exercise

et al. 2007

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“…29 This partial association is likely due to the fact that, different from other autonomic testing protocols or criteria often used for vagal modulation assessment, 4sET results are exclusively explained by CVI, because the HR transient induced by the 4-second of unloaded cycling is fully abolished by atropine and unaffected by propranolol. 23,43 Based on this, the 4sET results have also been successfully used as criteria for evaluate ECG signs of vagotonia in healthy subjects 44 and elite athletes. 45 Interestingly, similar 4sET results have been obtained with upper or lower-limb cycling, 46 stationary running 47 or with active and passive exercises.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 It is worth noting that since the validation of the 4sET two decades ago, 23 it has been widely used in various physiological and clinical investigations. [26][27][28][29] The 4sET protocol has fully been described elsewhere. 22,30,31 In brief, the duration of two specific RR intervals were identified and measured at 10 ms resolution in digital ECG tracings (Elite PC, Micromed, Brazil): (a) the longest RR interval (either the interval obtained immediately before the onset of exercise or the first one after the onset) and (b) the shortest RR interval during exercise (generally, the last one).…”

Section: Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac vagal index varies according to field position in male elite football players

Araújo¹,

Bottino²,

Pinto³

2018

Medical Express

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BACKGROUND: Cardiac vagal index (CVI) is supposedly higher in athletes and may differ between sports and/or between field positions. OBJECTIVE: To compare CVI: a) between elite football players vs. non-athletes and b) according to five football positions. METHOD: 242 football players of the first Brazilian/Angolan division were divided in five positions (N): goalkeepers (17), defenders (44), wingers (34), midfielders (87) and forwarders (60) and compared with 303 age-matched healthy non-athletes. CVI was estimated from a 4-second exercise test by quantifying the ratio of two cardiac cycle durations, before and at the end of a fast unloaded cycling exercise. RESULTS: Football players had resting and maximal heart rates of, respectively, 59 and 190 bpm and measured VO 2 max of 62.2 mL/(kg.min). Players and non-athletes showed similar CVI results (median-[P25-P75]) -1.63-[1.46-1.84] vs 1.61-[1.41-1.81] (p = 0.22). Wingers tended to have a higher CVI (1.84-[1.60-1.99]), especially when compared to defenders (1.53-[1.41-1.72] (p = 0.01). There was a modest non-physiologically relevant association between VO 2 max and CVI (r = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: Football players did not differ from non-athletes in CVI; however, among players, wingers were more often vagotonic, which may represent a hemodynamic advantage for match situations, where rapid heart rate transitions and faster oxygen delivery to muscles are required.

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“…For instance, Esco et al 28 found no association between HRV and Heart Rate Recovery (HRrec) after a maximal exercise test in a sample of healthy young subjects, whereas Evrengul et al 29 found a significant association between HRV and in HRrec in a sample of individuals with CAD. Ricardo et al Another example is the study of Teixeira et al 9 , which showed a significant association between the 4sET and the RR interval variability during a routine resting electrocardiogram in a heterogeneous sample of more than 1,000 individuals and the results of the two methods showed better agreement in patients with lower cardiac vagal modulation. Therefore, the association between the results of RSA and 4sET only in individuals with CAD, observed in this study is consistent with the results of previous studies that compared methods for assessing The effect size analysis showed that the 4sET and RSA methods differentiated with more accuracy the healthy and CAD groups.…”

Section: Figure 1 -Comparison Of Cardiac Vagal Modulation Assessed Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the importance of cardiac vagal modulation, many methods have been validated for its assessment [7][8][9] . However, there is no reference standard method to evaluate it, and there are gaps regarding the association between different methods, as well as the accuracy to discriminate differences in autonomic function, which hinders their clinical use and interpretation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%