Prognostic factors in patients with congestive heart failure

Defining Characteristics of Decreased Cardiac Output: A Literature Review

“…Villacorta and Mesquita (1999) showed the current aspects of the main prognostic factors used in assessing patients with HF. Several factors are related to the poor prognosis of these patients: advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hepatic failure, increased area and dilation of the heart chambers, reduced ejection fraction, exercise intolerance, reduced cardiac output, increased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, decreased cardiac index, central venous pressure/right atrial pressure elevated, hyponatremia, high levels of endothelin, cardiac arrhythmia, increased QT interval, and increased filling‐pressure in the left ventricle.…”

Sobrevida de Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Aguda e Fração de Ejeção Intermediária em um País em Desenvolvimento – Estudo de Coorte no Sul do Brasil

“…Existe um debate sobre qual o melhor método para avaliar o prognóstico em pacientes com IC, além da FE, levando-se em consideração a etiologia isquêmica, o remodelamento ventricular, comorbidades, entre outros. 7,17,18 Sabe-se também que a FE é uma medida dinâmica, com uma variação intraobservador e interobservador de 7%, sendo possível reclassificar 80% dos pacientes com IC. 3,[19][20][21] Em sua última diretriz sobre IC de 2016, a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia recomenda identificar aqueles pacientes com ICFEI.…”

A critical review on brain and heart axis response in COVID‐19 patients: Molecular mechanisms, mediators, biomarkers, and therapeutics

“…Depending on the isoform under which the ST2 molecule is produced, several CV effects have been seen: a transmembrane receptor form (ST2L) and a circulating, soluble, receptor form (sST2) that can be measured in serum using various ELISA‐based kits. [ 90 ] Numerous studies have supported the diagnostic and prognostic value of ST2 in CV pathology, particularly in patients with acute HF, as it is regarded as a reliable marker of fibrosis, ventricular wall strain, and elevated filling pressures, as well as accurately predicting readmissions and fatal events. [ 91,92 ] Focusing on CVDs, international guidelines and studies on large populations suggest that, beyond its limited use on HF diagnosis compared to other biomarkers (i.e., pro‐BNP, hs‐CRP, and hs‐TnT), the evaluation of sST2 is very helpful in correlation to clinical data, especially on the severity of the underlying cardiomyopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac remodeling, ejection fraction, NYHA score, and finally to obtain prognostic information.…”