Influenza em animais heterotérmicos

Abstract

The objective was to study Orthomyxovirus in heterothermic animals. Blood samples from snakes (genus Bothrops and Crotalus) and from toads and frogs (genus Bufo and Rana) were collected to evaluate the red cell receptors and antibodies specific to influenza virus by the hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests, respectively. Both snakes and toads kept in captivity presented receptors in their red cells and antibodies specific to either influenza virus type A (human and equine origin) or influenza type B. The same was observed with recently captured snakes. Concerning the influenza hemagglutination inhibition antibodies protective levels were observed in the reptiles' serum, against influenza type A and type B. Unlike the toads, 83.3% of the frogs presented mean levels of Ab 40HIU for some influenza strains. It was concluded that heterothermic animals could offer host conditions to the influenza virus and also susceptibility to the infection.

Influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural and urban areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

“…Serum: Blood serum samples were taken, inactivated by heat treatment at 56 °C for 30 min and then treated with Kaolin (20%) and erythrocytes (50%) according to MANCINI et al 8 , DESHPANDE et al 4 and OIEN et al 11 .…”

“…The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed according to MANCINI et al 8 . Four HA units in 25 µL of viruses were used.…”

Evidence of Swine Respiratory Infection by Influenza Viruses in Brazil

“…After blood coagulation and clot retraction, the serum was removed and kept at -70°C until the time came to perform the serologic test. No schedule of swine influenza vaccine was mentioned by the owners (Mancini et al 2004). …”

“…Hemagglutination titers (HAU/ 25μl) were determined after 1h, unless otherwise stated, and are expressed as the 4 reciprocal of the maximun dilution of virus that caused complete agglutination. Antigen (+): A/SP/1/95(H3N2) and red blood cell controls were performed (Mancini et al 2004). …”

“…For all reagents the volume of 25μl was constant. Controls of the serum anti-influenza (+), serum not reactive to influenza (-), antigen A/SP/1/95(H3N2) and of the erythrocytes suspension were performed (Mancini et al 2004). Runge et al (2000) in pigs from Germany.…”