NEW WILDLIFE HOSTS OF Leptospira interrogans IN CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Espinosa-Martínez, Deborah V.; Sánchez-Montes, Daniel Sokani; León‐Paniagua, Livia; Ríos-Muñoz, César A.; Berzunza-Cruz, Miriam; Becker, Ingeborg

doi:10.1590/s0036-46652015000200015

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The analysis of potential distribution based on ecological niche modeling, allows us to associate ecological and biogeographical factors of the pathogen [ 42 , 65 ]. Even though other biotic factors can be involved in the dynamics of the leptospirosis, such as vectors or host species, these are not easy to represent in the potential distribution hypothesis, because the lack of information does not permit a precise assessment of their specific role, especially if we consider that new host species for leptospirosis are currently being reported in Mexico [ 66 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospirosis in Mexico: Epidemiology and Potential Distribution of Human Cases

et al. 2015

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BackgroundLeptospirosis is widespread in Mexico, yet the potential distribution and risk of the disease remain unknown.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe analysed morbidity and mortality according to age and gender based on three sources of data reported by the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Geography and Statics of Mexico, for the decade 2000–2010. A total of 1,547 cases were reported in 27 states, the majority of which were registered during the rainy season, and the most affected age group was 25–44 years old. Although leptospirosis has been reported as an occupational disease of males, analysis of morbidity in Mexico showed no male preference. A total number of 198 deaths were registered in 21 states, mainly in urban settings. Mortality was higher in males (61.1%) as compared to females (38.9%), and the case fatality ratio was also increased in males. The overall case fatality ratio in Mexico was elevated (12.8%), as compared to other countries. We additionally determined the potential disease distribution by examining the spatial epidemiology combined with spatial modeling using ecological niche modeling techniques. We identified regions where leptospirosis could be present and created a potential distribution map using bioclimatic variables derived from temperature and precipitation. Our data show that the distribution of the cases was more related to temperature (75%) than to precipitation variables. Ecological niche modeling showed predictive areas that were widely distributed in central and southern Mexico, excluding areas characterized by extreme climates.Conclusions/SignificanceIn conclusion, an epidemiological surveillance of leptospirosis is recommended in Mexico, since 55.7% of the country has environmental conditions fulfilling the criteria that favor the presence of the disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospirosis in Mexico: Epidemiology and Potential Distribution of Human Cases

et al. 2015

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“…The reaction mixture consisted of 12.5 μl of GoTaq ® Green Master Mix, 2X of Promega Corporation (Madison, WI, USA), the pair of primers (100 ng each), 6.5 μl nuclease‐free water and 200 ng DNA in a final volume of 25 μl (Espinosa‐Martínez et al., ). For species identification, all positive samples were further tested by other PCR protocol to amplify a fragment of approximately 400 bp of the leptospiral outer membrane lipoprotein gene ( Lip32 ) (Vital‐Brazil et al., ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although leptospirosis is a human and veterinary problem in Mexico, especially in states with tropic climate such as Tabasco and Veracruz with a human incidence that fluctuates between 4.39 and 11.74 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (Sánchez‐Montes, Espinosa‐Martínez, Ríos‐Muñoz, Berzunza‐Cruz, & Becker, ) and a seroprevalence in cattle that varies from 60% to 80% in Veracruz (Zárate‐Martínez, Rosete‐Fernández, Ríos‐Utrera, Barradas‐Piña, & Olazarán‐Jenkins, ), few studies have been carried out in order to identify wild hosts involved in the transmission of this pathogenic spirochaetes, all of them concentrated in terrestrial (Cantu et al., ; Espinosa‐Martínez et al., ; López‐Pérez et al., ; Méndez et al., ; Montiel‐Arteaga, Atilano, Ayanegui, Ceballos, & Suzán, ; Ruiz‐Pina, Puc‐Franco, Flores‐Abuxapqui, Vado‐Solis, & Cardenas‐Marrufo, ; Vado‐Solís et al., ) or marine mammals (Acevedo‐Whitehouse et al., ; Aragón‐Martínez, Olivera‐Gómez, & Jiménez‐Domínguez, ; Avalos‐Téllez et al., ; Godínez et al., ; Ziehl‐Quirós, García‐Aguilar, & Mellink, ), with a lack of knowledge regarding bats as potential reservoirs of these bacteria. To identify the role of bats as carriers of pathogenic leptospires, we detected and evaluated the diversity of Leptospira using molecular techniques in samples of kidneys from several bat species of Veracruz, Mexico.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of pathogenicLeptospiraspecies associated with phyllostomid bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Veracruz, Mexico

Ballados‐González

Sánchez‐Montes

Romero-Salas

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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The genus Leptospira encompass 22 species of spirochaetes, with ten pathogenic species that have been recorded in more than 160 mammals worldwide. In the last two decades, the numbers of records of these agents associated with bats have increased exponentially, particularly in America. Although order Chiroptera represents the second most diverse order of mammals in Mexico, and leptospirosis represents a human and veterinary problem in the country, few studies have been conducted to identify potential wildlife reservoirs. The aim of this study was to detect the presence and diversity of Leptospira sp. in communities of bats in an endemic state of leptospirosis in Mexico. During January to September 2016, 81 bats of ten species from three localities of Veracruz, Mexico, were collected with mist nets. Kidney samples were obtained from all specimens. For the detection of Leptospira sp., we amplified several genes using specific primers. Amplicons of the expected size were submitted to sequencing, and sequences recovered were compared with those of reference deposited in GenBank using the BLAST tool. To identify their phylogenetic position, we realized a reconstruction using maximum-likelihood (ML) method. Twenty-five samples from three bat species (Artibeus lituratus, Choeroniscus godmani and Desmodus rotundus) showed the presence of Leptospira DNA. Sequences recovered were close to Leptospira noguchii, Leptospira weilii and Leptospira interrogans. Our results include the first record of Leptospira in bats from Mexico and exhibit a high diversity of these pathogens circulating in the state. Due to the finding of a large number of positive wild animals, it is necessary to implement a surveillance system in populations of the positive bats as well as in related species, in order to understand their role as carriers of this bacterial genus.

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“…In the last 30 years, the incidence of leptospirosis has constantly increased in well-known reservoirs as well as in never-before detected animal species [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. The Leptospira incidence in these atypical hosts has become even higher, reaching several animal species from different classes and orders [ 37 , 38 , 39 ], including a wide spectrum of avian species (seagulls, doves, ibis, and owl) [ 40 , 41 ], reptiles [ 40 , 42 ] and fishes [ 43 ]. The emergence and the identification of Leptospira infection in such “unconventional” hosts could be related to: (i) problematic or inaccurate sampling methods to isolate Leptospira [ 12 ]; (ii) newly identified Leptospira strains [ 44 ]; (iii) underestimated leptospirosis cases, characterized by a downward trend [ 36 ]; (iv) climatic changes modifying ecological niches [ 16 , 45 ]; (v) presence of domestic animals raised in semi-extensive or extensive farms, promoting contact with wild species [ 16 , 46 ]; (vi) Leptospira strain antimicrobial resistances [ 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of Leptospira Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts

Cilia

Bertelloni

Albini

et al. 2021

Animals

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Leptospirosis is a re-emerging worldwide zoonotic disease. Even though the primary serological test for diagnosis and surveying is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), isolation remains the gold-standard test to detect Leptospira infections. The leptospirosis transmission is linked to maintenance and accidental hosts. In the epidemiology of Leptospira some serovar are strictly related to specific maintenance hosts; however, in recent years, the bacterium was isolated from an even wider spectrum of species. The aim of this review is to report the isolation of Leptospira strains in animals which could be recognized as “unconventional” hosts, analyzing studies from 1960 to 2020 that highlighted the Leptospira isolation. This scientific literature aimed to provide evidence of infection in several animal species including of the Carnivora, Didelphimorphia, Rodentia, Cetacea, Cingulata, Afrosoricida, Chiroptera and Primate orders, as well as in Reptilia and Amphibia classes. In conclusion, the spreading of Leptospira is attention-worthy because the infection could occur in all the animal species ranging in a specific area. Further screening and isolations are needed to collect all necessary data to gain a complete understanding of leptospirosis epidemiology and its modifications.

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NEW WILDLIFE HOSTS OF Leptospira interrogans IN CAMPECHE, MEXICO

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

Leptospirosis in Mexico: Epidemiology and Potential Distribution of Human Cases

Leptospirosis in Mexico: Epidemiology and Potential Distribution of Human Cases

Detection of pathogenicLeptospiraspecies associated with phyllostomid bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Veracruz, Mexico

Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of Leptospira Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts

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