Neutralization of bitis parviocula (Ethiopian mountain adder) venom by the south african institute of medical research (SAIMR) antivenom

Sánchez, Elda E.; Hotle, Doug; Rodrı́guez-Acosta, Alexis

doi:10.1590/s0036-46652011000400007

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In normal conditions, the cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin results in clot formation that facilitate platelet aggregation and/or the formation of monomers of fibrin [ 41 ]. Cleavage of fibrinogen’s α- and β- chains was also observed by Sanchez and colleagues [ 32 ] who demonstrated that B . arietans and B .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Similarly, it was reported that the venom of B . parviocula is also devoid of gelatinolytic activity [ 32 ]. It is interesting that the high molecular weight band with gelatinolytic activity, in both venoms, was inhibited by PHE and PMSF suggesting that these components are serineproteinases with some metal dependence to maintain their structural integrity or catalytic site’s function or, that these venoms present serine- and metalloproteinases with similar molecular mass.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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African Adders: Partial Characterization of Snake Venoms from Three Bitis Species of Medical Importance and Their Neutralization by Experimental Equine Antivenoms

et al. 2015

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BackgroundAn alarming number of fatal accidents involving snakes are annually reported in Africa and most of the victims suffer from permanent local tissue damage and chronic disabilities. Envenomation by snakes belonging to the genus Bitis, Viperidae family, are common in Sub-Saharan Africa. The accidents are severe and the victims often have a poor prognosis due to the lack of effective specific therapies. In this study we have biochemically characterized venoms from three different species of Bitis, i.e., Bitis arietans, Bitis gabonica rhinoceros and Bitis nasicornis, involved in the majority of the human accidents in Africa, and analyzed the in vitro neutralizing ability of two experimental antivenoms.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe data indicate that all venoms presented phospholipase, hyaluronidase and fibrinogenolytic activities and cleaved efficiently the FRET substrate Abz-RPPGFSPFRQ-EDDnp and angiotensin I, generating angiotensin 1–7. Gelatinolytic activity was only observed in the venoms of B. arietans and B. nasicornis. The treatment of the venoms with protease inhibitors indicated that Bitis venoms possess metallo and serinoproteases enzymes, which may be involved in the different biological activities here evaluated. Experimental antivenoms produced against B. arietans venom or Bitis g. rhinoceros plus B. nasicornis venoms cross-reacted with the venoms from the three species and blocked, in different degrees, all the enzymatic activities in which they were tested.ConclusionThese results suggest that the venoms of the three Bitis species, involved in accidents with humans in the Sub-Saharan Africa, contain a mixture of various enzymes that may act in the generation and development of some of the clinical manifestations of the envenomations. We also demonstrated that horse antivenoms produced against B. arietans or B. g. rhinoceros plus B. nasicornis venoms can blocked some of the toxic activities of these venoms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African Adders: Partial Characterization of Snake Venoms from Three Bitis Species of Medical Importance and Their Neutralization by Experimental Equine Antivenoms

et al. 2015

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“…• The reports of ED 50 values for E. ocellatus venom-neutralisation used 2 [38], 3 [5] and 5 (all remaining studies) times the venom LD 50 dose. The ED 50 s for B. arietans were reported using 3 [5,41] and 5 (majority of studies) times the venom LD 50 doses, or not stated at all [40]. The majority of ED 50 values reported for Antivipmyn-Africa were obtained using 3 x LD 50 s [5] (S1 Table).…”

Section: The Risks Inherent To the Variation In Current Antivenom Prementioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of preclinical efficacy testing of antivenoms for sub-Saharan Africa: Inadequate independent scrutiny and poor-quality reporting are barriers to improving snakebite treatment and management

et al. 2020

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Background The World Health Organization's strategy to halve snakebite mortality and morbidity by 2030 includes an emphasis on a risk-benefit process assessing the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms manufactured for sub-Saharan Africa. To assist this process, we systematically collected, standardised and analysed all publicly available data on the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms designed for sub-Saharan Africa. Methodology/Principal findings Using a systematic search of publication databases, we focused on publicly available preclinical reports of the efficacy of 16 antivenom products available in sub Saharan Africa. Publications since 1999 reporting the industry standard intravenous pre-incubation method of murine in vivo neutralisation of venom lethality (median effective dose [ED 50 ]) were included. Eighteen publications met the criteria. To permit comparison of the several different reported ED 50 values, it was necessary to standardise these to microlitre of antivenom resulting in 50% survival of mice challenged per milligram of venom (μl/mg). We were unable to identify publicly available preclinical data on four antivenoms, whilst data for six polyspecific antivenoms were restricted to a small number of venoms. Only four antivenoms were tested against a wide range of venoms. Examination of these studies for the reporting of key metrics required for interpreting antivenom ED 50 s were highly variable, as evidenced by eight different units being used for the described ED 50 values. Conclusions/Significance There is a disturbing lack of (i) preclinical efficacy testing of antivenom for sub Saharan Africa, (ii) publicly available reports and (iii) independent scrutiny of this medically important data. Where reports do exist, the methods and metrics used are highly variable. This

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“…Of this number some 100,000 die and another 300,000 will suffer some form of disabilities for the remainder of their lives. In view of this Odessa (2014) invented and patented alkaline sodium silicate composition to inhibit the toxic effects of venom and treat venomous bites and stings based on the method of Saganuwan (2011) whereas the effective dose 50 of the antivenom was determined by Sanchez et al (2003). Asiedu-Gyekye (2014) determined LD 50 of polyhexamethylene guanidine and polyexamethylene guanide used in the treatment of raw water at dose levels of 600 and 16 mg/kg body weight respectively.…”

Section: Advantages Of Toxicity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity studies of drugs and chemicals in animals: an overview

Saganuwan¹

2017

BJVM

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SummarySaganuwan, S. A., 2017. Toxicity studies of drugs and chemicals in animals: An overview. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 20, No 4, Toxicity study is the investigation of either short or long-term toxic effects of a drug or chemical on animals. The toxicity is dose-dependent as asserted by Paracelsus over 500 years ago. However, short-term toxic effect is determined using median lethal dose (LD 50 ) first introduced by Trevan in 1927 and revised many times. Presently there is a growing preponderance of rejection of scientific papers on acute toxicity study, simply because of the belief that in the current hazard and safety assessment of drugs and chemicals, LD 50 values are no longer used. In view of this, literature search was carried out with a view to investigating the relevance of LD 50 in development and assessment of drugs and chemicals. The findings revealed that in the past, many animals had been used for LD 50 determination. OECD has reduced the number of test animals to 5-15 and presently it is further reduced to 2-6. Acute toxicity study is being carried out in medicinal plants research and in the study of patent medicine. Although the application of LD 50 has been drastically reduced, it is still applied and accepted in some parts of the world. Moreover, animals on which LD 50 tests are conducted, should be allowed to die to see the end effect of the test drug or chemical because euthanisia of test animals may mask some toxicity signs of the test agents. Therefore, toxicity study of drugs and chemicals is a scientific process necessary for discovery and development of drugs as well as identification of potential toxicants.

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Neutralization of bitis parviocula (Ethiopian mountain adder) venom by the south african institute of medical research (SAIMR) antivenom

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

African Adders: Partial Characterization of Snake Venoms from Three Bitis Species of Medical Importance and Their Neutralization by Experimental Equine Antivenoms

African Adders: Partial Characterization of Snake Venoms from Three Bitis Species of Medical Importance and Their Neutralization by Experimental Equine Antivenoms

An analysis of preclinical efficacy testing of antivenoms for sub-Saharan Africa: Inadequate independent scrutiny and poor-quality reporting are barriers to improving snakebite treatment and management

Toxicity studies of drugs and chemicals in animals: an overview

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