Fields virology

FIELDS, Bernard N; KNIPE, David M.; CHANOCK, Robert M.; HIRSCH, Martin S.; MELNICK, Joseph L.; MONATH, Thomas P.; ROIZMAN, Bernard

doi:10.1590/s0036-46651993000300016

Cited by 24 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…7,11,12 In addition, palatability problems have been reported with sulphadimethoxine and ormetoprim combinations. 8 An alternative treatment for ESC would be beneficial to the industry.…”

Section: Anissa Mcginnis 1 P Gaunt T Santucci R Simmons R Enmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,4,9 In humans, severe necrotic lesions are seen at autopsy 2 of hepatocytes, the presence of apoptotic bodies (Councilman bodies), renal tubular degeneration, and splenic lymphoid necrosis. 5,6,8 Up to 80 brown howlers (Alouatta fusca) are suspected to have died from March 2001 to May 2001 at the border between Brazil and Argentina. People of the subtropical forest of the area reported that many dead monkeys had fallen from the trees.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Case of Yellow Fever in a Brown Howler (Alouatta Fusca) in Southern Brazil

et al. 2003

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Abstract. Many brown howlers (Alouatta fusca) have died in a 3-month period in a subtropical forest in Southern Brazil. One was examined after a systemic illness. According to clinical signs, and necropsy and histopathology findings, yellow fever virus (YFV) infection was suspected. Tissue sections from liver, kidney, and lymphoid organs were screened by immunohistochemistry for YFV antigens. Cells within those tissues stained positively with a polyclonal antibody against YFV antigens (1:1,600 dilution), and yellow fever was diagnosed for the first time in the brown howler in the area.Yellow fever virus (YFV) infection is an acute arthropod-borne Flavivirus (family Togaviridae) infection that causes fever, jaundice, albuminuria, and hemorrhage. It occurs in 2 forms: urban and sylvan. There are 2 types of endemic areas: humid forests and emerging zones where urban and sylvan forms intermingle. 3 The vectors are Aedes aegypti in urban areas, 9 A. albopictus in suburban areas, 10 and tree-hole-breeding mosquitoes (Haemagogus spp.) in the forests. 9 The virus circulates in the forests in mosquito vectors causing scattered epizootics in nonimmune monkeys. Alternatively, transmission may be vertical from the female mosquito to her offspring, allowing virus survival from one rainy season to the next in A. aegypti eggs. 3 Yellow fever remains endemic in many regions of Africa and South America, despite the existence of an effective vaccine. 2,9 Currently, YFV infection may be confused with other similar hemorrhagic conditions. 2,4,9 In humans, severe necrotic lesions are seen at autopsy 2 in many organs, particularly the liver. Microscopically, YFV infection is characterized by midzonal necrosis of the liver with microvesicular fatty change

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“…7,11,12 In addition, palatability problems have been reported with sulphadimethoxine and ormetoprim combinations. 8 An alternative treatment for ESC would be beneficial to the industry.…”

Section: Anissa Mcginnis 1 P Gaunt T Santucci R Simmons R Enmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case of Yellow Fever in a Brown Howler (Alouatta Fusca) in Southern Brazil

et al. 2003

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“…Retroviruses, including lentiviruses, are enveloped viruses with a diploid, positive-sense RNA genome (Fields et al, 2001). They initiate infection by binding to the cell surface through interactions between the viral envelope proteins and cellular receptors.…”

Section: Retroviral Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Structurally, capsid proteins must maintain the ability to self-assemble into complex virion particles, placing inherent limitations on the engineering of individual subunits (Xie et al, 2002). Furthermore, viruses have evolved their genomes for shorter lengths, often taking advantages of alternative splicing and alternative reading frames to express multiple proteins from the same nucleic acid sequence (Fields et al, 2001). In light of this high ratio of biological function per nucleotide, when engineering one function, care must therefore be taken to avoid impairing others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Library selection and directed evolution approaches to engineering targeted viral vectors

Jang

Lim

Schaffer

2007

Biotech & Bioengineering

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Gene therapy, to delivery of genetic material to a patient for therapeutic benefit, has significant promise for translating basic knowledge of disease mechanism into biomedical treatments. The clinical development of the field has been slowed, however, by the need for improvements in the properties and capabilities of gene delivery vehicles. Vehicles based on viruses offer the potential for efficient gene delivery, but because viruses did not evolve to serve human therapeutic needs, many of their properties require significant improvement, including their safety, efficiency, and capacity for targeted gene delivery. Since viruses are highly complex biological entities, engineering such properties at the molecular level can be challenging. However, there has been significant progress in developing approaches that mimic the mechanisms by which viruses arose in the first place. In particular, library-based selection, the generation of one diverse genetic library and selection for new properties, and directed evolution, based on the multiple rounds of library generation and selection for iterative improvement of function, have strong potential in engineering novel properties into these complex biomolecular assemblies. This review will discuss progress in the application of peptide display, library selection, and directed evolution technologies toward engineering vectors based on retrovirus, adeno-associated virus, and adenovirus that are capable of targeted delivery to specific cell types. In addition to creating biomedically useful products, these approaches have future potential to yield novel insights into viral structure-function relationships.

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“…HIV is a retrovirus, i.e. its genome is coded in RNA, which first has to be reversely transcribed to DNA for exploiting the replication machinery of the host cell (Fields et al, 2007). The process of reverse transcription is carried out by the viral protein reverse transcriptase (RT).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning from Past Treatments and Their Outcome Improves Prediction of In Vivo Response to Anti-HIV Therapy

Saigo

Altmann

Bogojeska

et al. 2011

Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology

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Infections with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are treated with combinations of drugs. Unfortunately, HIV responds to the treatment by developing resistance mutations. Consequently, the genome of the viral target proteins is sequenced and inspected for resistance mutations as part of routine diagnostic procedures for ensuring an effective treatment. For predicting response to a combination therapy, currently available computer-based methods rely on the genotype of the virus and the composition of the regimen as input. However, no available tool takes full advantage of the knowledge about the order of and the response to previously prescribed regimens. The resulting high-dimensional feature space makes existing methods difficult to apply in a straightforward fashion. The machine learning system proposed in this work, sequence boosting, is tailored to exploiting such high-dimensional information, i.e. the extraction of longitudinal features, by utilizing the recent advancements in data mining and boosting.When applied to predicting the latest treatment outcome for 3,759 treatment-experienced patients from the EuResist integrated database, sequence boosting achieved superior performance compared to SVMs with RBF kernels. Moreover, sequence boosting allows an easy access to the discriminative treatment information.Analysis of feature importance values provided by our model confirmed known facts regarding HIV treatment. For instance, application of potent and recently licensed drugs was beneficial for patients, and, conversely, the patient group that was subject to NRTI mono-therapies in the past had poor treatment perspectives today. Furthermore, our model revealed novel biological insights. More precisely, the combination of previously used drugs with their in vivo response is more in- * Hiroto Saigo and Andre Altmann are joint first authors. Please send correspondence to Hiroto Saigo,

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Fields virology

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

A Case of Yellow Fever in a Brown Howler (Alouatta Fusca) in Southern Brazil

A Case of Yellow Fever in a Brown Howler (Alouatta Fusca) in Southern Brazil

Library selection and directed evolution approaches to engineering targeted viral vectors

Learning from Past Treatments and Their Outcome Improves Prediction of In Vivo Response to Anti-HIV Therapy

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