Facial somatosensorial evaluation in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia

Abstract

Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (ITN) is identified by paroxysmal unilateral shock-like pain, distributed in one or more trigeminal branches, with clear diagnostic criteria based on history and clinical exams. Etiology and physiopathology remain obscure. Recently, abnormal expression of voltage-gated sodium channels had been described in these patients, suggesting that ITN could be a channelopathy 1 . Current diagnostic criteria do not include sensorial deficit; however, recent studies have shown that discrete abnormalities may be present in trigeminal territories 2 , which could be associated with the chronic evolution of such pain. There are no studies investigating patients nearly onset.A 64-year old, male, was diagnosed with ITN according to the criteria of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) 3 . He was evaluated with a systematized protocol of facial sensitivity, which included the clinical exam and quantitative sensory testing: gustative thresholds, olfactory thresholds, quantitative salivary and somatosensorial evaluation; all trigeminal branches (front, cheek, and chin) were also evaluated bilaterally: thermal detection, mechanical detection, vibration detection, electric detection, and pain detection threshold.The patient did not have abnormalities in imaging exams (computed tomography or magnetic resonance) or any neurological deficits in the evaluation by the neurologist. Pain had started in the last two weeks. Until the moment of evaluation, the patient had not been prescribed for ITN and was not using any medication.There was a high sweet threshold and absence of identification of the salty taste. Mean salivary flow was 0.2363 g/min. There were differences between the facial sides in somatosensory thresholds: warm, mechanical, vibration, electric and pain (Figure).These thresholds were higher at the pain side (right), when compared to the left one at the three trigeminal branches, except for the cold threshold, which was lower at the pain than the opposite side. After the evaluation, carbamazepine was prescribed (400 mg/day) and after one week there was complete relieve of symptoms. These data suggest evidence for future studies, which support neuropathic mechanisms in ITN 1 , and the need to investigate patients in the early onset in order to verify the prevalence of these findings. Besides, there was a reduced gustative detection for some tastes, especially salty, which had already been described for ITN 4 and supports central sensitization involved in the physiopathology of this disease since the beginning of onset. There is also in the literature the description of gustative stimuli as triggering factors for ITN in some patients 5 and the role of that must be understood.

Orofacial neuropathic pain

“…In addition, subjective visual and auditory abnormalities were identified in patients with trigeminal neuralgia treated with trigeminal ganglion microcompression 22 . These studies were confirmed by further studies [23][24][25] . It is also important to stress the involvement of voltage-gated sodium channels in trigeminal neuralgia.…”

Functional and sensory evaluation of patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: Comparison with controls

“…Trigeminal afferents are originated from all orofacial tissues, the dura, nasal tissues, corneal surface, and facial skin [34]. The diagnostic criteria form of ITN does not include neurological abnormalities, but light changes in sensory function have been reported [3,10,30,31,[35][36][37]. In this study, thermal detection thresholds (warm and cold) and tactile detection were higher in the group of patients (Fig.…”

Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Rare Cause of Facial Pain in a Child

“…But multiple drugs like gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, amitrptyline, chlorpromazine, and carbamazepine were given. Silva et al [13] reported a patient whose symptoms completely relieved only one week after initiation of carbamazepine. In our patient, we did not find any etiologic cause and evaluated idiopathic TGN.…”