Sphincter abnormality in polytransfused patient due to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH): initial manifestation of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM)

Ferreira, Ayrton Silva; Costa, Carlos Maurício de Castro; Dantas, Irna Kaden de Sousa; Santos, Terezinha de Jesus Teixeira; Costa, Samuel Bovy de Castro; Câmara, Carlos Campos; Oriá, Reinaldo B.

doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2010000600024

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Since the pioneering reports of Rao and co-workers in the nineties (Rao and Cognitive Function Study Group of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 1990; Rao et al, 1991a,b), the characteristics of cognitive dysfunction in MS and the appropriate tests for its detection have been extensively addressed in the literature (Benedict et al, 2002; Montalban and Rio, 2006; Benedict and Zivadinov, 2007; Strober et al, 2009; Comi, 2010; Ferreira, 2010; Kinsinger et al, 2010; Lyros et al, 2010; Messinis et al, 2010; Arnett and Strober, 2011; Langdon, 2011). In general, cognition in MS may be assessed by two separate, yet complementary, modes: the self-reported evaluation of MS patients and relatives and the neurocognitive batteries adapted to the disease.…”

Section: Neuropsychological Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In parallel, tests to evaluate depression and fatigue must be performed, since those symptoms have a recognized impact in cognitive abilities (Kinsinger et al, 2010). In a recent systematic review, the use of 23 batteries and 74 neuropsychological tests was identified in the literature, which means a lack of homogeneity in this issue despite the recognized consensus on the characteristics of cognitive impairment in MS patients (Ferreira, 2010). …”

Section: Neuropsychological Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis

Guimarães¹,

Sá²

2012

Front. Neur.

140

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In Multiple Sclerosis (MS) prevalence studies of community and clinical samples, indicate that 45–60% of patients are cognitively impaired. These cognitive dysfunctions have been traditionally described as heterogeneous, but more recent studies suggest that there is a specific pattern of MS-related cognitive dysfunctions. With the advent of disease-modifying medications for MS and emphasis on early intervention and treatment, detection of cognitive impairment at its earliest stage becomes particularly important. In this review the authors address: the cognitive domains most commonly impaired in MS (memory, attention, executive functions, speed of information processing, and visual–spatial abilities); the pathophysiological mechanism implied in MS cognitive dysfunction and correlated brain MRI features; the importance of neuropsychological assessment of MS patients in different stages of the disease and the influence of its course on cognitive performance; the most used tests and batteries for neuropsychological assessment; therapeutic strategies to improve cognitive abilities.

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