Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and geographical distribution of ophthalmologists in Brazil

Carvalho, Regina de Souza; Diniz, Alice Selles; Lacerda, Fabrício Martins; Mello, Paulo Augusto de Arruda

doi:10.1590/s0004-27492012000600007

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…22 A Brazilian study also found sociogeographic inequalities in ophthalmologist coverage, with a positive correlation (r=0.877) between the number of ophthalmologists per inhabitant and GDP per capita at the first-order subnational unit level (ie, the states), indicating a higher proportion of eye physicians concentrated in areas more financially stable and well developed. 12 In Japan, physicians were found to be more concentrated in areas with larger populations, that is, urban cities. Recent influxes of physicians into such areas are escalating, further increasing the physician disparity gap.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have offered explanations for these inequities, including the notion that physicians are drawn to more densely populated areas because of better work environments, urbanisation, higher salaries and attractive career opportunities. [23][24][25][26] While several human resources programmes have been established and implemented at national and regional levels, it has been suggested that additional implementation take place at subnational levels. 27 Furthermore, based on the observation that both ophthalmologists and other physicians tend to make similar choices when choosing work locations, it has been suggested that a review of data regarding overall distribution of physician human resources be undertaken in order to improve the distribution of ophthalmologists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Challenge of Universal Eye Health in Latin America: distributive inequality of ophthalmologists in 14 countries

et al. 2016

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BackgroundNo comprehensive study currently exists on the supply of ophthalmologists across Latin America. We explored sociogeographic inequalities in the availability and distribution of ophthalmologists across 14 Latin American countries.MethodsThe National Ophthalmologic Societies of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela provided data on affiliated ophthalmologists by first-order subnational divisions in 2013. Human Development Index (HDI) estimates at the corresponding subnational division were used as equity stratifiers. Distributional inequality of ophthalmologists within each country was assessed by the health concentration index (HCI) and the index of dissimilarity (ID), along with the mean level of ophthalmologists per population.ResultsAcross all countries studied, there were 5.2 ophthalmologists per 100 000 population on average (95% CI 5.0 to 5.4) in 2013, with a mean HCI of 0.26 (0.16 to 0.37) and a mean relative ID of 22.7% (20.9% to 24.7%). There was wide inequality in ophthalmologist availability between countries, ranging from 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) in Ecuador to 8.6 (8.5 to 8.8) in Brazil. All countries had positive (ie, pro-rich) HCI values ranging from 0.68 (0.66 to 0.71) in Guatemala to 0.02 (−0.11 to 0.14) in Venezuela. Correspondingly, redistributive potential to achieve equity was closest in Venezuela (ID: 1.5%) and farthest in Guatemala (ID: 60.3%). Benchmarked against regional averages, most countries had a lower availability of ophthalmologists and higher relative inequality.ConclusionsThere is high inequality in the level and distribution of ophthalmologists between and within countries in Latin America, with a disproportionate number concentrated in more developed, socially advantaged areas. More equitable access to ophthalmologists could be achieved by implementing incentivised human resources redistribution programmes and by improving the social determinants of health in underserved areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Challenge of Universal Eye Health in Latin America: distributive inequality of ophthalmologists in 14 countries

et al. 2016

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“…21,22,26 With a burgeoning private surgery sector and improved access to insurance the number of cataract surgeries performed may increase dramatically, but the optimal numbers of cataract surgeries in countries can still remain unclear. [76][77][78] Although wealthier countries appear to have higher rates of cataract surgery, provision of surgical services is frequently deferred to the private sector, with costs passed onto patients. Furthermore the inconsistent access to surgical services within high-income countries highlights that healthcare inequities can persist despite increases in GDP and observed CSR overall.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cataract Surgical Rate and Socioeconomics: A Global Study

Wang

Yan

Fotis

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

204

165

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“…Recent studies of human resources in eye health in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America have confirmed these trends of poor distribution and the inability of the cadre to keep up with the population rates. [4][5][6][7] Amidst technological advances, population demand patterns and evolving models of care, complete data for eye health professionals is an integral component to understanding if we can meet the needs of the global population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated number of ophthalmologists worldwide (International Council of Ophthalmology update): will we meet the needs?

et al. 2019

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Background/aimsTo estimate 2015 global ophthalmologist data and analyse their relationship to income groups, prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.MethodsOnline surveys were emailed to presidents/chairpersons of national societies of ophthalmology and Ministry of Health representatives from all 194 countries to capture the number and density (per million population) of ophthalmologists, the number/density performing cataract surgery and refraction, and annual ophthalmologist population growth trends. Correlations between these data and income group, GDP per capita and prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment were analysed.ResultsIn 2015, there were an estimated 232 866 ophthalmologists in 194 countries. Income was positively associated with ophthalmologist density (a mean 3.7 per million population in low-income countries vs a mean 76.2 in high-income countries). Most countries reported positive growth (94/156; 60.3%). There was a weak, inverse correlation between the prevalence of blindness and the ophthalmologist density. There were weak, positive correlations between the density of ophthalmologists performing cataract surgery and GDP per capita and the prevalence of blindness, as well as between GDP per capita and the density of ophthalmologists doing refractions.ConclusionsAlthough the estimated global ophthalmologist workforce appears to be growing, the appropriate distribution of the eye care workforce and the development of comprehensive eye care delivery systems are needed to ensure that eye care needs are universally met.

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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and geographical distribution of ophthalmologists in Brazil

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

The Challenge of Universal Eye Health in Latin America: distributive inequality of ophthalmologists in 14 countries

The Challenge of Universal Eye Health in Latin America: distributive inequality of ophthalmologists in 14 countries

Cataract Surgical Rate and Socioeconomics: A Global Study

Estimated number of ophthalmologists worldwide (International Council of Ophthalmology update): will we meet the needs?

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