Immunology and immunopathology of African trypanosomiasis

Vincendeau, Philippe; Bouteille, Bernard

doi:10.1590/s0001-37652006000400004

Cited by 99 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…The dominant inflammatory response presents as an increase in Ig levels and a range of cytokines, including IL-6, IL-10, and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-␣ have been found to be elevated in the meningo-encephalitic stage (32). In the current study, increased intensity of O-acetyl glycoprotein fragment resonance was observed in infected mice.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 44%

Global metabolic responses of mice to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection

Wang

Utzinger²,

Saric

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

185

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Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is transmitted by tsetse flies and, if untreated, is fatal. Treatment depends on infection stage, and early diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management. The systemic host biochemical changes induced by HAT that enable biomarker discovery or relate to therapeutic outcome are largely unknown. We have characterized the multivariate temporal responses of mice to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection, using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic metabolic phenotyping of urine and plasma. Marked alterations in plasma metabolic profiles were detected already 1 day postinfection. Elevated plasma concentrations of lactate, branched chain amino acids, and acetylglycoprotein fragments were noted. T. brucei brucei-infected mice also had an imbalance of plasma alanine and valine, consistent with differential gluconeogenesis (parasite)-ketogenesis (host) pathway counterflux, involving stimulated host glycolysis, ketogenesis, and enhanced lipid oxidation in the host. Histopathologic evidence of T. brucei brucei-induced extramedullary hepatic hemopoiesis, renal interstitial nephritis, and a provoked inflammatory response was also noted. Metabolic disturbance of gut microbiotal activity was associated with infection, as indicated by changes in the urinary concentrations of the microbial co-metabolites, including hippurate. Concluding, parasite infection results in multiple systemic biochemical effects in the host and disturbance of the symbiotic gut microbial metabolic interactions. Investigation of these transgenomic metabolic alterations may underpin the development of new diagnostic criteria and metrics of therapeutic efficacy. diagnosis ͉ metabonomics ͉ NMR spectroscopy ͉ trypanosomiasis

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 44%

Global metabolic responses of mice to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection

Wang

Utzinger²,

Saric

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

185

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“…VSG is the predominant surface antigen in African trypanosomes and covers the entire plasma membrane (585). Trypanosoma brucei has approximately 1,250 to 2,000 genes and pseudogenes that control the expression of VSGs (68,545).…”

Section: Trypanosomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production of excreted, soluble VSG is another immune evasion strategy employed by T. brucei (585). Soluble VSGs divert the host's antibody response by binding circulating anti-VSG antibodies, leaving them unavailable for binding to VSG that is associated with the trypanosome surface.…”

Section: Trypanosomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

et al. 2010

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SUMMARY There are many neglected nonenteric protozoa able to cause serious morbidity and mortality in humans, particularly in the developing world. Diseases caused by certain protozoa are often more severe in the presence of HIV. While information regarding neglected tropical diseases caused by trypanosomatids and Plasmodium is abundant, these protozoa are often not a first consideration in Western countries where they are not endemic. As such, diagnostics may not be available in these regions. Due to global travel and immigration, this has become an increasing problem. Inversely, in certain parts of the world (particularly sub-Saharan Africa), the HIV problem is so severe that diseases like microsporidiosis and toxoplasmosis are common. In Western countries, due to the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), these diseases are infrequently encountered. While free-living amoebae are rarely encountered in a clinical setting, when infections do occur, they are often fatal. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential to the survival of patients infected with these organisms. This paper reviews information on the diagnosis and treatment of nonenteric protozoal diseases in immunocompromised people, with a focus on patients infected with HIV. The nonenteric microsporidia, some trypanosomatids, Toxoplasma spp., Neospora spp., some free-living amoebae, Plasmodium spp., and Babesia spp. are discussed.

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“…14 Nevertheless, anti-saliva IgG level remained considerably higher in the infected (EI group) than in the uninfected (Nexp group) individuals (P < 0.0001). This result indicates that the anti-saliva Ab response could be a useful marker of Glossina exposure even if individuals are immunosuppressed because infected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Human IgG Antibody Response to Glossina Saliva: An Epidemiologic Marker of Exposure to Glossina Bites

Poinsignon

Remoué²,

Rossignol³

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The evaluation of human antibody response specific to arthropod saliva may be a useful marker of exposure to vector-borne disease. Such an immunologic tool, applied to the evaluation of the exposure to Glossina bites, could be integrated in the control of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). The antibody (IgG) response specific to uninfected Glossina fuscipes fuscipes saliva was evaluated according to the vector exposure and trypanic status in individuals residing in an HAT-endemic area. A high level of anti-saliva IgG antibodies was only detected in exposed individuals, whether infected or not by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. In addition, the evaluation of specific IgG response represented spatial heterogeneity according to studied sites. These results suggest that the evaluation of anti-saliva IgG could be an indicator of Glossina exposure and thus could be integrated in other available tools to identify populations presenting risks of HAT transmission.

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Immunology and immunopathology of African trypanosomiasis

Cited by 99 publications

References 96 publications

Global metabolic responses of mice to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection

Global metabolic responses of mice to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection

Importance of Nonenteric Protozoan Infections in Immunocompromised People

Human IgG Antibody Response to Glossina Saliva: An Epidemiologic Marker of Exposure to Glossina Bites

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