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Objective: The present study aimed to characterize oilseed cakes and phosphate sources and select promising formulations in terms of phosphorus supply. Theoretical framework: The availability of phosphates with sufficient quality for industrial processing has a reduced longevity, while materials with low phosphorus content are little used. The association between organic materials and marginal phosphorus sources has been reported as promising in the use of these materials. Methodology: Samples of castor bean (TM), crambe (TC), sunflower (TG) and jatropha (TPM), simple superphosphate (SS) and reactive natural phosphate (FNR) cakes were obtained and characterized. 48 formulations were produced, derived from a mixture of cakes, SS and FNR, in addition to isolated forms, with a nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratio of 1:1 to 1:4, totaling 61 treatments. In a randomized block design, they were incubated in two soils with contrasting textures, and samples were collected at 15, 45, 75 and 105 days to determine the phosphorus content with a sodium bicarbonate solution (pH 8.5). Equations were adjusted for each formulation evaluated, and groupings were carried out to select promising mixtures. Results and conclusion: Although the cakes did not contain significant amounts, mainly of phosphorus and potassium, no toxic elements were observed, a pattern different from that observed for FNR, which contains considerable levels of cadmium. The N:P ratio 1:4 proved to be superior, providing a higher P content in the soil. Increases in P were observed in quantity and linearly throughout the evaluated period depending on the proposed mixtures in comparison to the control treatment and the application of isolated sources. Research implications: The association of nutrients from organic and mineral sources has shown promise in supplying the nutrient phosphorus, minimizing the effects of weathered soils on nutrient management. Originality/value: The study is relevant as it seeks solutions to the problem of nutritional management of tropical soils, aggravated by the high external dependence on nutrients.
Objective: The present study aimed to characterize oilseed cakes and phosphate sources and select promising formulations in terms of phosphorus supply. Theoretical framework: The availability of phosphates with sufficient quality for industrial processing has a reduced longevity, while materials with low phosphorus content are little used. The association between organic materials and marginal phosphorus sources has been reported as promising in the use of these materials. Methodology: Samples of castor bean (TM), crambe (TC), sunflower (TG) and jatropha (TPM), simple superphosphate (SS) and reactive natural phosphate (FNR) cakes were obtained and characterized. 48 formulations were produced, derived from a mixture of cakes, SS and FNR, in addition to isolated forms, with a nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratio of 1:1 to 1:4, totaling 61 treatments. In a randomized block design, they were incubated in two soils with contrasting textures, and samples were collected at 15, 45, 75 and 105 days to determine the phosphorus content with a sodium bicarbonate solution (pH 8.5). Equations were adjusted for each formulation evaluated, and groupings were carried out to select promising mixtures. Results and conclusion: Although the cakes did not contain significant amounts, mainly of phosphorus and potassium, no toxic elements were observed, a pattern different from that observed for FNR, which contains considerable levels of cadmium. The N:P ratio 1:4 proved to be superior, providing a higher P content in the soil. Increases in P were observed in quantity and linearly throughout the evaluated period depending on the proposed mixtures in comparison to the control treatment and the application of isolated sources. Research implications: The association of nutrients from organic and mineral sources has shown promise in supplying the nutrient phosphorus, minimizing the effects of weathered soils on nutrient management. Originality/value: The study is relevant as it seeks solutions to the problem of nutritional management of tropical soils, aggravated by the high external dependence on nutrients.
Brassica spp. production can be negatively affected by clubroot, which is caused by the protozoan Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin. Most of the information on clubroot control is derived from studies in temperate regions. Here, management strategies were evaluated to reduce broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) crop losses owing to clubroot in tropical mountain regions. The first experiment revealed the effect of green manure from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), sweet corn (Zea mays L.), and spontaneous vegetation (control) associated with broccoli seedlings of 4 different sizes. In the second experiment, the effect of soil amendments (limestone and steel slag) in conjunction with poultry litter (fresh or composted for 45 days) and without poultry litter (control), was assessed. Both field experiments sought to evaluate the disease intensity, plant development (root growth, biomass, and nutrient accumulation), and yield. Sunn hemp and coriander biomass resulted in higher healthy root volumes and dry weights of broccoli. However, such benefits were not derived from corn treatment. Compared to smaller seedlings (10 mL cell and 20 days of age, and 16 mL cell and 24 days of age), the use of larger seedlings (35 mL cell and 28 days of age, and 50 mL cell and 32 days of age) resulted in lower intensity of clubroot and increased the average yield by 143% in summer crops. Steel slag, like limestone, corrected soil acidity and resulted in plant growth; however, clubroot intensity was not significantly affected. Fresh and composted poultry litter increased the percentage of diseased roots compared with the control; however, broccoli yield was not affected by the treatments. Using green manure (sunn hemp or coriander) and well-developed seedlings is recommended as a strategy to reduce losses induced by clubroot during broccoli cultivation.
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