Algorithm for predicting macular dysfunction based on moment invariants classification of the foveal avascular zone in functional retinal images

Abstract

Introduction: A new method for segmenting and quantifying the macular area based on morphological alternating sequential filtering (ASF) is proposed. Previous studies show that persons with diabetes present alterations in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) prior to the appearance of retinopathy. Thus, a proper characterization of FAZ using a method of automatic classification and prediction is a supportive and complementary tool for medical evaluation of the macular region, and may be useful for possible early treatment of eye diseases in persons without diabetic retinopathy. Methods: We obtained high-resolution retinal images using a non-invasive functional imaging system called Retinal Function Imager to generate a series of combined capillary perfusion maps. We filtered sequentially the macular images to reduce the complexity by ASF. Then we segmented the FAZ using watershed transform from an automatic selection of markers. Using Hu's moment invariants as a descriptor, we can automatically classify and categorize each FAZ. Results: The FAZ differences between non-diabetic volunteers and diabetic subjects were automatically distinguished by the proposed system with an accuracy of 81%. Conclusion: This is an innovative method to classify FAZ using a fully automatic algorithm for segmentation (based on morphological operators) and for the classification (based on descriptor formed by Hu's moments) despite the presence of edema or other structures. This is an alternative tool for eye exams, which may contribute to the analysis and evaluation of FAZ morphology, promoting the prevention of macular impairment in diabetics without retinopathy.

Application of UAV Remote Sensing Technology in the Construction of Modern Smart Farm

“…This article focuses on the application of single-rotor UAVs and multirotor UAVs in smart construction farms and the UAV dynamics performance, algorithm, structure, circuit structure, and use experiments to test the dynamic characteristics of the tail rotor reaction force of the bevel gear tail transmission system compared with the synchronous belt tail transmission system. This plays a certain guiding role in the application of the bevel gear tail transmission system of the single-rotor agricultural UAV to the farm [21]. Its stress-strain and other characteristics can be applied to the design of agricultural drones.…”