Relationships between adiponectin levels, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes: a literature review

Abstract

Elevated hepatic glucose production, impaired insulin secretion, and insulin resistance -abnormalities of glucose metabolism typically found in subjects with obesity -are major factors underlying the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (DM2) and the metabolic syndrome (MS). Adiponectin is a major regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis via its insulin-sensitizing properties, and lower levels seems to be associated with the development of DM2 and MS. The purpose of this review is to clarify the mechanisms whereby adiponectin relates to the development of DM2 and MS and the association between polymorphisms of the adiponectin gene, circulating levels of the hormone, and its relationships with DM2. In addition, the impact of dietary lipids in the circulating levels of adiponectin will be addressed. According to the literature, circulating adiponectin levels seem to decrease as the number of MS components increases. Lower adiponectin concentrations are associated with higher intra-abdominal fat content. Therefore, adiponectin could link intra-abdominal fat with insulin resistance and development of MS. Therapeutic strategies that target the MS and its components, such as lifestyle modification through physical activity and weight loss, have been shown to increase adiponectin concentrations. Possible roles of diets containing either low or high amounts of fat, or different types of fat, have been analyzed in several studies, with heterogeneous results. Supplementation with n-3 PUFA modestly increases adiponectin levels, whereas conjugated linoleic acid supplementation appears to reduce concentrations when compared with unsaturated fatty acid supplementation used as an active placebo. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017;61(6):614-22

Systematic review: chronic viral hepatitis and metabolic derangement

“…Another study on adiponectin levels in different cases of chronic liver disease found a positive association with the severity of fibrosis in CHB and male CHC patients. No relationship among steatosis, necroinflammation and adiponectin level existed . Nevertheless, a study from China presented a different finding that serum adiponectin was inversely associated with steatosis in CHB patients …”

“…No relationship among steatosis, necroinflammation and adiponectin level existed. 26 Nevertheless, a study from China presented a different finding that serum adiponectin was inversely associated with steatosis in CHB patients. 27 F I G U R E suggesting serum adiponectin level was correlated with the progression of HBV-related liver disease.…”

“…Derangement of the adipokines, such as adiponectin, is frequently observed in subjects with MetS. Lower levels of adiponectin have been linked to obesity, steatosis, MetS and insulin resistance . The associations of adiponectin levels with HBV and HCV infections are quite different and associated with different clinical outcomes of liver diseases …”

“…Lower levels of adiponectin have been linked to obesity, steatosis, MetS and insulin resistance. 26 The associations of adiponectin levels with HBV and HCV infections are quite different and associated with different clinical outcomes of liver diseases. [27][28][29][30][31][32] This comprehensive review summarises current knowledge of the associations of chronic HBV and HCV infection with metabolic derangements and extrahepatic diseases, including MetS, fatty liver, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance/T2DM, adiponectin and arteriosclerosis.…”

Deiminated proteins in extracellular vesicles and serum of llama (Lama glama)—Novel insights into camelid immunity

“…Adiponectin is the most abundant secreted adipokine with pleiotrophic roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes (Fiaschi, 2019). It has received considerable interest in the field of metabolic and obesity research (Frankenberg et al, 2017;Spracklen et al, 2019), as well as in diabetes (Yamauchi et al, 2003), due to its key function in regulating glucose (Yamauchi et al, 2002). Adiponectin is furthermore linked to longevity (Chen et al, 2019a(Chen et al, , 2019b, regenerative functions (Fiaschi et al, 2014) and has roles in myopathies, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and collagen VI-related myopathies (Gamberi et al, 2019).…”