Determinants of body weight regulation in humans

Moehlecke, Milene; Canani, Luís Henrique Santos; Silva, Lucas Oliveira Junqueira e; Trindade, Manoel Roberto Maciel; Friedman, Rogério; Leitão, Cristiane Bauermann

doi:10.1590/2359-3997000000129

Cited by 43 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Health professionals working with this patient group, should be aware of the sustained increase in the drive to eat in the fasting state and help individuals develop management strategies to reduce the risk of overeating. However, the changes in appetite seen with WL (increased hunger and AG) were not associated with long-term relapse, which likely reflects the complexity of body weight regulation [ 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the long-term sustainability of changes in appetite after weight loss

et al. 2018

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Background/ObjectiveDiet-induced weight loss (WL) leads to a compensatory increase in appetite and changes in the plasma concentration of appetite-regulating hormones are likely to play a role. Whether these changes are transient or sustained remains unclear. This study aimed to assess if changes in subjective and objective appetite markers observed with WL are sustained after 1 year (1Y).Subjects/MethodsIn total 100 (45 males) individuals with obesity (BMI: 37 ± 4 kg/m2, age: 43 ± 10 years) underwent 8 weeks (wks) of a very-low energy diet (VLED), followed by 4 wks refeeding, and a 1Y maintenance program. Fasting/postprandial subjective ratings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption (PFC) were assessed, and plasma concentration of active ghrelin (AG), total peptide YY (PYY), active glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin (CCK), and insulin measured, at baseline, week 13 (Wk13) and 1Y.ResultsAt Wk13, 16% WL (−18 ± 1 kg, P < 0.001) was associated with a significant increase in fasting and postprandial hunger ratings (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), and postprandial fullness (P < 0.01) combined with a reduction in PFC (P < 0.001). These were accompanied by a significant rise in basal and postprandial AG concentrations (P < 0.001, for both), a reduction in postprandial CCK (P < 0.01) and in basal and postprandial insulin (P < 0.001). At 1Y follow-up, with sustained WL (15%; −16 ± 1 kg, P < 0.001), fasting hunger and postprandial fullness ratings remained increased (P < 0.05 for both), and postprandial PFC reduced (P < 0.001). Basal and postprandial AG remained elevated and insulin reduced (P < 0.001, for all), while postprandial CCK was increased (P < 0.01) and PYY decreased (P < 0.001).ConclusionWith a 15% sustained WL at 1Y, the drive to eat in the fasting state is increased, but this may be balanced out by raised postprandial feelings of fullness. To assist with WL maintenance, new strategies are required to manage increased hunger and drive to eat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the long-term sustainability of changes in appetite after weight loss

et al. 2018

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“…Even though participants with obesity should expect a significant reduction in both RMR and EIEE after WL and, despite that, an increase in the drive to eat, those adaptations are not predictive of weight regain in the long term. This likely reflects the complexity of body weight regulation . Overall, if weight‐reduced individuals want to succeed in the long term, they need to adjust to their newer lower‐energy needs by sustaining a reduced energy intake and, ideally, also increasing their PA levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Predictors of Weight Regain at 1‐Year Follow‐Up in Weight‐Reduced Adults with Obesity

Nymo

Coutinho

Rehfeld

et al. 2019

Obesity

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Objective This study aimed to assess whether changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), exercise‐induced energy expenditure (EIEE), and appetite following weight loss (WL) are associated with weight regain at 1 year. Methods Thirty‐six adults with obesity underwent 8 weeks of a very‐low‐energy diet, followed by 4 weeks of refeeding and a 1‐year maintenance program. RMR, EIEE, appetite ratings, and active ghrelin, peptide YY, glucagon‐like peptide‐1, cholecystokinin, and insulin concentrations were measured at baseline, week 13, and 1 year. Results A 17% WL (−20 ± 5 kg [mean ± SD]; range: −11.7 to −32.2 kg; P < 0.001) was achieved at week 13. After 1 year, weight regain was 2.5 ± 9.0 kg (not significant), ranging from −18.2 to 22.5 kg. Both fat mass and fat‐free mass were reduced at week 13 (−17.9 ± 4.8 and −2.9 ± 2.7 kg, respectively; P < 0.001), while only loss of fat mass was sustained at 1 year. WL was associated with reduced RMR, EIEE, and fasting/postprandial insulin (all P < 0.001), as well as increased fasting hunger (P < 0.01) and fasting/postprandial active ghrelin (P < 0.001). There were no significant correlations between changes in RMR, EIEE, or appetite with WL and weight regain at 1 year. Conclusions No clear evidence emerged that changes in RMR, EIEE, or appetite following WL can predict weight regain at 1 year, but larger studies are needed to confirm these results.

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“…Body weight control results from complex interaction of peripheral signals involving the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue and muscle with the central nervous system (Moehlecke et al, 2016 ). Based on the law of conservation of energy, energy input and energy output need to be regulated in order to maintain neutral energy balance.…”

Section: Basic Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight Loss and Malnutrition in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

Xiong

Shen

et al. 2018

Front. Aging Neurosci.

174

177

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Parkinson's Disease (PD) is currently considered a systemic neurodegenerative disease manifested with not only motor but also non-motor symptoms. In particular, weight loss and malnutrition, a set of frequently neglected non-motor symptoms, are indeed negatively associated with the life quality of PD patients. Moreover, comorbidity of weight loss and malnutrition may impact disease progression, giving rise to dyskinesia, cognitive decline and orthostatic hypotension, and even resulting in disability and mortality. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of weight loss and malnutrition in PD remains obscure and possibly involving multitudinous, exogenous or endogenous, factors. What is more, there still does not exist any weight loss and malnutrition appraision standards and management strategies. Given this, here in this review, we elaborate the weight loss and malnutrition study status in PD and summarize potential determinants and mechanisms as well. In conclusion, we present current knowledge and future prospects of weight loss and malnutrition in the context of PD, aiming to appeal clinicians and researchers to pay a closer attention to this phenomena and enable better management and therapeutic strategies in future clinical practice.

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Determinants of body weight regulation in humans

Cited by 43 publications

References 66 publications

Investigation of the long-term sustainability of changes in appetite after weight loss

Investigation of the long-term sustainability of changes in appetite after weight loss

Physiological Predictors of Weight Regain at 1‐Year Follow‐Up in Weight‐Reduced Adults with Obesity

Weight Loss and Malnutrition in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

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